The radial longitudinal, proximal and distal transversal creases in the handline appear in the third to seventh fetal months and once formed do not change by age (WÜTRTH, '36-'37 and OBATA, '56). 94.62% (GRÜNLERG '28), 69.5% (TAKANUJHI, '42) and 75.7% (TILLNER, '56) of the children whose parents have both shown the united type of the radial longitudinal and proximal transversal creases, the so-called geschlossenes M-Figur, in their handlines have shown the same pattern. GRÜNBERG states that 90.63% in 16 pairs of monozygotic twins and 75.14% of 14 pairs of dizygotic twins have had both of the twins show the geschlossenes M-Figur in their handlines.
The authors have based this study of the hereditary tendency of the handline on data gathered from 138 pairs of twins, 50 pairs each of male and female monozygotic twins (ZZ), 20 pairs each of male and female homosexual dizygotic twins (ZZ) and 18 pairs of heterosexual dizygotic twins (PZ) of the Tokyo University Twins Research Group.
The authors have classified these as the open-type, the meet-type, the cross -type (intersecting), the sub close-type (partially-closep) and the closetype in the radial longitudinal and the proximal trasversal creases (Fig. 2), also as types I, II, III, and IV in the distal transversal crease (Fig. 3). Since there were no significant difference between the male and female EZ pairs, and between the male and female ZZ, and PZ pairs, the authors have united these classes, calling the former, the EZ group and the latter the ZZ group.
The significant differences in the coincident rate of types in a pair between the EZ and ZZ groups in the same side have been recognized at a 1% significant level in each classification (Fig. 4, 5 and 6). Namely, an hereditary tendency has been recognized in the patterns of these creases. Moreover, from the x2 each difference and the ratio of coincident rate in EZ and in ZZ pairs, it has been ascertained that the hereditary tendency is more obvious in the pattern of radial longitudinal and proximal transversal creases than in the pattern of the distal transversal creases.
The authors have also considered the relationship of the types to each other in each pattern by the ratio of a correlative rate of one type to another in EZ and in ZZ pairs (Fig. 7).
The relationship of one type to another has been more clearly illustrated in Fig. 8. The relationship of the two types as to the pattern of the distal transversal crease is illustrated in Fig. 9. It is very interesting to compare this diagram with the family study by TAKANUSHI ('42) who has concluded that the separate and united types of two creases seem to be dominant in the same degrees over the intersecting type.
With regard to the mirror image, the authors have mentioned only the patterns of the radial longitudinal and proximal transversal creases (Figs. 10 and 11). On the coincident rate of types in a pair between the EZ and ZZ groups, a significant difference has been recognized at a 1% significant level. Comparing the ratio of the coincident rate in EZ pairs to that in ZZ pairs in the opposite side (mirror image) with the ratio in the same side, it seems that the hereditary tendency is more obvious in the same side than in the mirror image. The authors have in passing indicated that the coincident rate is higher in the same side of EZ pair (73.5% ), than in the opposite side of EZ pair (65.0%) as well as in both hands of the individual (65.7%).

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(1) In respect to cephalometry, the principal ethnic groups are similar in head-length, head-breadth, and length-breadth index. The average maximum breadth of head is 150.7mm, which is considered relatively a broad head. The average grabello-occipital length is 178.1mm. Consequently, the cephalic index may be estimated at 85, i.e. hyperbrachycephalic and belongs to the shortest head groups among the Asiatic races such as the Mongolians and the Koreans.
On the other hand the Tenggers and the Badoejs both show an index of 80 which is mesocephalic. It is noteworthy that the glabello-occipital length of the Teggers is 185.6mm which is very close to that of the Indians and the Japanese. This is sufficient to justify the division of Java Island natives into Deutro-Malayans and Proto-Malayans.
(2) The circumference of the heads of the Indonesians of Java is smaller than that of any other race, except that of the Tenggers which is larger. Head circumference varies slightly according to the difference of social level. It is largest in the intellectuals, 55cm, while the less educated shows 54cm and the manual laboring class 53.6cm.
(3) In the past the natives of Java have not only been distinctly classified as the Djawanese, the Soendanese, the Madoeranese, the Bataviyans, the Tenggers and the Bdoejs from the standpoint of their languages, customs and cultural history, but it has also been commonly acknowledged that they were of different races. However, the result of our study proves that the principal ethnic groups (the Djawanese, the Soendanese, the Madoeranese and the Bataviyans), belong to the same stock, the socalled Deutero-Malayans, which has a short head and medium height, and that the constitutinal differences among them are due to the difference of geographical environment and living conditions. It is also clear that the Tenggers and the Badoejs are of a race distinctly different from the above mentioned principal ethnic groups ; that is, they are Proto-Malayans.
(4) Body build of various non-Javanese races in Java. Among the Asiatic races the physique of the Koreans is relatively close to the average of those races, and the Indo-Eurasians come next. Emigrant Chinese, Arabs and the natives of Java are generally low in the development of breadth. As to the physique of the Japanese it is noteworthy that their lower extremities are short.

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About 320 Sumõ wrestler appricants were divided into two groups a superior group (Makushita and Sandanme class) and an inferior group (Jonidan class and below, and quitter), according to their rank after ten series of matches. Comparison was made between both groups in regard to the distribution of their body measurements with the following results:
No difference: Stature, Chest breadth, Chest depth, Bi-iliac diameter.
Slight difference: Neck girth, Shoulder breadth, Chest girth, Maximum breadth of hips, Maximum girth of forearm, Maximum girth of thigh, Maximum girth of calf.
Obvious difference: Umblical girth, Girth of upper arm (stretched), Girth of upper arm (bent), Epicondylial breadth of forearm, Epicondylial breadth of lower leg.
The items of obvious difference are important as the factor of the fitness of the Sumo-wrestler (Makuuchi), it seems that chest depth is an essential factor.
The loewest limit of the measurements of applicants morphologically fit to be good Sumõ-wrestler are estimated and recorded in the text.

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I. Introduction
The present communication describes morphological characters of the pterygoidal process from three points of view;first, age change in the Japanese from fetus to senility;second, periodical differences in the Japanese from prehistoric to modern times;third, racial differences among the three races-Chinese, Aino and Japanese.
The pterygoidal pröcess was studied at first by W.WALDEYER(1893), followed by O.SPOTTEL(1896), both of whom classified it with regard to its general shape in 4 types-A, B, C and D.The author of the present paper, however, added 5 new types:E, F-1, F-2, P-1 and P-2(Fig.2).Several parts of the process are observed, such as:hamulus, separating ridge("Trennungsleiste"-WALDEYER), lower edge of lateral plate, foramen pterygospinosum, transversal ridge("Querleiste"-WALDEYER);and their morphological characters are respectively reported in this paper according to definite standards.
Nine measurements and firv indices about the process are also reported and some of them are those based upon the WALDEYER-SPÖTTEL's method, others, however, newly devised by the author. Materials used are 531 macerated skulls, such as:443 Japanese skulls out of different periods and different ages;43 adult Chinese and 45 adult Aino skulls of modern times.

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