Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

On the Osteometry of the Facial and the Nasal Height

KOZI TUBAKI, TAKESI WATANABE

1958 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 149-164
Published: August 30, 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.66.149

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We measured the facial and the nasal heights by two methods, namely from Supraorbitale (new) and from Nasion (usual old method), on 635 crania of several races and made clear the difference between the results obtained.
Our results are shown in Table 2-5, and our conclusions are as follows:
(1) The difference between the heights by two methods, namely the n-so height, averages 9.5 mm for male and 10.5mm for female on Japanese crania.
(2) As for this trait, the n-so height, Japanese, Ainu, Koreans and Li-tribes are similar and make a group; its mean value is about 9.5mm for male and 10.5mm for female.
(3) Chinese, Indians, Australians, Dayaks, Formosan aborigines and Neg-roes make another group and its mean value is 1mm lesser than Japanese-Ainu-Korean-group, about 8.5mm for male and 9.5mm for female.
(4) Among our materials, Hawaiian Polynesians showed the heighest value of n-so height, but we think that Hawaiians may belong to one and the same group as the China-Indo-Australian group, as its standard error is very great and its facial and nasal heights are very close to those of the latter group.
(5) Our European materials consist of several nations, 44 Germans, 8 Russians and 6 Frenchmen. Though its facial and nasal heights are in the middle range of our materials, this group showed the lowest metric value of n-so height, 7.0mm for male, 7.5mm for female, therefore we considered it to make another group.

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Anthropometric Study on the Aborigines of Java

I. Measurements on Trunk

CHINKA TUKUDA

1958 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 165-178
Published: August 30, 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.66.165

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During his stay in Java from 1944 to 1945, the author made an anthro-pometric survey of the aboriginal inhabitants of Djawa and Madoera Islands. It covered 12, 825 males and 1, 682 females from six ethnic groups, the Djawanese, the Soendanese, the Madoerese, the Batavians, the Tenggers and the Badoejs. The statistical study of the data leads to the following conclusions.
(1) Stature. It differs among different ethnic groups and socio-economic classes. The Djawanese are taller than the Soendanese and the Madoerese. The difference may be due to geographical factors more than racial ones. Personnels of government offices, students, and soldiers of the volunteer army forces are tall with bodies adequately built, while inhabitants of moun-taineous regions and manual labourers are short with slight bodies possibly due to chronic malnutrition and other unbalanced living conditions. The average hight of the manual labourers is 3.5cm smaller than that of the public officials and the soldiers.
(2) Sitting Vertex Hight. In general it is very short (83-85cm). There is not any significant difference in the dimension between the ethnic groups with the exception only of the Badoejs who are extremely short.
(3) Leg Length. It was obtained by subtracting the sitting hight from the stature. Legs are longest among the students and shortest among the manual labourers. Of the six ethnic groups the Badoejs have the longest legs. Among the Badoejs the extremities are markedly long while the trunk is short.
(4) Span of Arms. The average span of arms of the Badoejs is much greater than that of all the other ethnic groups, while there is very little difference in the dimension between the latter groups (Index of span of arms 105-106).
(5) Transverse Dimensions. The dimensions are greater among the mountain inhabitants and the soldiers than those among farmers of flat countries and coulies of cities.
(6) Body Weight. It is greatly influenced by food and nutritional circum-stances. The manual labourers are unusually light in body weight.
(7) The aborigines of the islands, like the Indians and the Arabs, are characterized by a short trunk and relatively long extremities. These characters in body proportion seem related to the climatic factors in the tropics.

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On Growth in Japanese Adolecent Girls

MITSUO IWAMOTO

1958 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 179-180
Published: August 30, 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.66.179

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The author in this study considered the relation between growth and puberty, based mainly on statistics concerning school girls in Niigata Prefec-ture.Thefollowing is a summary of the results which have been supple-mented by several other reports.
(1)Observing the group as whole, the period of female puberty is from eleven to seventeen or from twelve to sixteen years, being one or two years earlier than in males.
During this period the relative physical yearly growth-rate successively decreases(table 1 in stature, table 3 in width of mammal part).
In this period, in the case of almost every girl, the hair of the armpit begins to develop(table2, left)and the first menstruation is experienced (table 2, right).
When the age-difference of puberty between both sexes was reduced so as to correspond, the sex-ratio of stature (93%) is almost changeless during this period, while those of measures like acromial width and hip-circum-ference gradually change to develop the sexual difference in body structure.
(2) The period of puberty appears individually earlier or later almost according to the time of first menstruation, and at this time the relative physical growth-rate has already begun to decrease.
(3) The mean age of first menstruation in the author's material is approxi-mately fourteen years. The frequency of individuals who experienced the first menstruation, is the highest in August for precocious sub-group (fig. 1, upper, straight line), and in April for the later-maturing sub-group (fig. 1, lower, straight line). Such a relation similarly has been found by MATSUYAMA ('44) between groups of precocious school girls and later-maturing labourers (fig. 1, dotted line).
(4) At the first menstruation, the stature of Japanese girls is about 148cm independently of their actual age. Not only in stature but in other physical measurements, the same definite growth state seems to be found.

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Sexual Diagnosis of Japanese Long Bones by Means of Discriminant Function

KAZURO HANIHARA

1958 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 187-196
Published: August 30, 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.66.187

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Sexual diagnosis of skeleton is a very important problem in the held of anthropology as well as in that of legal medicine. We have a great many methods for this purpose, but there are few of them that express our satis-faction as far as objectivity, simplicity and correctness are concerned. Considering all of these points of view, it may be affirmed, at least in the present state, that the best way is synthetic estimation by multiple measurements.

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Agronomical Tests of the Strata producing Human Skeletons

FUSAKO MIWA

1958 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 197-201
Published: August 30, 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.66.197

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In 1955, near the two mounds in the village of Shinshiro, Minami Shidara Gun, Aichi Prefecture, several skeletons were unearthed while the villagers were preparing the grounds for a grave-yard. As these mounds were associated with a historic battle between the two famous war-lords, TAKEDA and UESUGr, the villagers naturally presumed these skeletons to belong to the soldiers who died in the battle 400 years ago.
However, the skeletons looked rather new for their presumed age, i. e. 400 years old. The mode of burial was also confused, some being found in a sitting or squatting position, while others in a lying position.
The present writer has conducted a series of chemical analyses of the soil in which these skeletons were discovered, to find out if there were conditions that would have prevented the erosion of the bones. The results of those analyses are presented in Table 1. Fig. 1 shows the whole site around the two mounds, and Fig. 2 the actual spot from which the soil specimens were taken. Suspension pH, exchange acidity and exchange Ca were respectively tested. Specimens were taken at intervals of 20cm perpendicularly along the southern wall to the bottom of Pit C. Conclusion:
It is commonly held by agronomists that such bases as CaCO₃ are dissolved into the water within one year or so wherever the earth contains water, when pH(H₂O) is under 6 and pH(KC1) is under 4.5. Therefore, it is assumed that human bones, shells, etc. could not be preserved without damage under such conditions. Human bones may be preserved more or less intact in a soil rich in CaCO₃, which presupposes the difference between pH(H₂O) and pH(KCl) as very small, the value of pH probably being near 7. Such soil is seldom found in Japan, however. The soil examined by the present author was definitely not the kind with Ca at its saturation point, as is shown in Table 1. Consequently, it my be safe to conclude that the bones excavated at Shinshiro in 1955 are of a later date than were first suspected.

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