It is important for anatomists as well as for anthropologists to identify human
isolated teeth as to where it was located in the jaws that is to say to diagnose the kind of teeth. However, the limit of the possibility in morphological identification has been neither discussed nor examined whatever. The authors of the present paper performed an experiment on this problem in order to clear up how far it goes and whether there is any differences in easiness among kinds of tooth or in capacity among examiners. All of the present authors took part in the experiment, but one of them was absent at the beginning period. Five out of seven are specialists in dental anatomy and others are physical anthropologists. Materials consisted of 3496 isolaeed teeth extracted from 500 Japanese cadavers. Their original site in the dental arches had been recorded, but was kept unknown to the examiners. The essential points of the results obtained are as follows :
1) The mean frequency in correct denomination was 89.9% while that of five dental anatomists was 92.0% (Table 1).
2) The mean value through all kinds of teeth varied from examiner to examiner, the maximum being 92.6% and the minimum 83.1%. On the other hand the mean value through all examiners varied from tooth kind to tooth kind, the maximum being 95.5% in the upper first premolar and the upper canine and the minimum 74.1% in the lower first incisor (Table 1). This makes it clear that examiner's proficiency has much influence on his judgement, and that all kinds of teeth could not be identified with same easiness.
3) Misjudgement of the "numerary order" in the dental arches was found to be most frequent, that of the "side" (right or left) to which the tooth belongs was intermediate and that of the "jaw" (upper or lower) was rather rare (Fig. 2). But each examiner showed different characteristics in the way of misjudgement.
4) Such teeth that showed high mean value of correct denomination, e.g. the upper first premolar, may have so distinct morphological features or their criteria for identification may so easily be learned by anyone, that the examiner's proficiencywould have little influence on the judgement. In case of those having low meanvalues, e.g. the upper second molar, however, everything is contrary, i.e. the diagnosis seems to be strongly influenced by the examiner's proficiency.
5) In every kind of teeth, the exceptional tooth with atypical details in external shape could take place, the incidence of which is, however, not so frequent. The correct denomination of such tooth is almost impossible even for the experienced dental anatomists.
6) The proficiency of identification or the reliability of diagnosis of each examiner should be discussed basing not only upon values in correct diagnosis percentage in examined teeth (Table 1, Fig. 1), but also upon values of correct diagnosis percentage in each denomination (Table 4, Fig. 3).

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1) Der vorliegenden Abhandlung unterliegt grundsätzlich die mathematisch-statistische Forschung über die Population der Vorkriegszeit, insbesondere in Bezug auf die manifest periodische Eigenschaft der monatlichen Frequenzen der Geburtenund Sterbefalle sowie der Reinzunahme der Bevolkerung, die ausschliesslich den staatlich veraffentlichteten ″ Jinkõdotai ″ und ″ Shimn Shibo Tõkei ″ (Jahrbuch für Populationsstatistik) 1926-1938 entnommen sind.

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Bones of beasts found at Usuku shell-mound of Kasari-mura in the main-island of Amami-Oshima and at Omonawa shell-mound of Tokunoshima, were investigated, and it is noticed that almost all of the beast bones found belong to wild boars and that none belongs to the deer. A piece of dog's ulna was also found at Usuku shell-mound.
Wild boars found at shell-mounds in Amami are smaller than those found among some remains in Southern Kyushu, and are of about the same size as those found living now in Amami. Wild boars of larger size which are found at the remains in Southern Kyushu have never been found at shell-mounds in Amami.
Many bones of deers are found as fossils in Amami but none of wild boars are found as fossils there. Whereas, after the era of shell-mound formation, the bones found are only of wild boars. If it is assumed that there were no wild boars in previous ages in Kyushu, it seems that wild boars which suddenly appear at shell mounds were those bred by men in shell mound ages, and that they were brought in there from some places abroad. As there have not been found wild boars of larger size which are to be seen among the remains from Southern Kyushu, they seem to have been brought in there from South China or places farther south. And the living wild-boars are probably their descendants.
The dog found there is of a small size, about 33cm in body height, and belongs to the dog of a small size in the Japanese stone age, just as do the dogs found at Omonawa shell-mound and Sakihikawa shell-mound. The dog is probably related, as HASEBE asserted, to those found in Mid-Southern China or places farther south.

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