Saganoshima is a small island that belongs to Goto-Islands in the West Sea of Kyushu. This island has 2.4km² land surface which is occupied by 381 inhabitants, Aug. 1970. Two settlements, Jige and Takehara, are characterized by two different religions, Buddism and Catholicism, repectively. Both the religious groups have not intermarried each other, so two different consanguineous groups have been in existence in the small island.
Historically, their subsistence economy has depended upon cultivating sweet potato and traditional fishing methods. Ten years ago, motored boats were introduced to this island, then have influenced upon subsistence activities.
Since December 1969, the author has continued the ecological and anthropological field surveys in Saganoshima, to study some aspects of adaptive relations between environmental factors and fishing activities. In this paper, the author described geography, historical background, natural environments, habitaion, population, and subsistence activities in Saganoshima, and discussed the following problems from the view point of ecological anthropology;
1. Difference of the mode of life between Jige and Takehara
2. The influence of the modern fishing (Netting by motored boat) upon the other activity
3. Comparative analysis between the modern and the traditional fishing, in relation to the natural environmental factors
Summary of results:
1. The historical backgrounds of Jige and Takehara reflect on the population structure and the location of the settlements.
Though they belong to the different religious and consanguineous groups, their modes of life are similar each other, mainly because of stability of netting activity.
2. It is shown that fishing activities are relevant to various natural factors; tide, fishing ground, climate, and the kind of species to be caught.
3. At present, Palinurus-netting is primary activity in the island. Netting has given rise to the stable procedure and the constant daily and seasonal activity-cycle in fishing-life.
In Close Season of Palinurus netting, various subsistence aetivities appear, and fishermen select the fishing method in accordance with their individual reasons. Activities for agriculture also take place in Close Season. In Harvest Season only, the netting becomes the secondary activity during two weeks.
4. The process of modernization of fishing can be discussed by comparative analysis between the netting and three traditional methods in Saganoshima (diving, Stolephorus-netting and hand-line-fishing). It is shown that stable amount of Palinurus can be obtained and the influence of environmental factors can be decreased by the modern fishing. In the traditional methods, the fishermen demonstrate their own abilities and their individual fondness, but the products are unsteady and they have to be more influenced by the natural conditions.
Finally, a general problem of population decrease in rural communities in Japan was discussed by the example of Saganoshima, from the view point of ecological anthropology.

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Die Ergebnisse des Hautleistensystems der FuBsohlen von Westpolynesiern sind wie in den Tabellen zusammengestellt. Unter den Mikronesiern findet man solche, die nicht nur bei dem Fingerbeerenmuster and Hautleistensystem der Handlache, sondern auch bei dem Hautleistensystem der FuBsohlen den Westpolynesiern ahnlich sind. Amerikanische Indianer sind wie Polynesier stark in der Longitudinalitat des Hautleistensystems der Handflache, doch sie sind von den Westpolynesiern sowohl in dem Hautleistensystem der FuBsohlen und als auch in dem Fingerbeerenmuster verschieden. Die Eigenschaft des Hautleistensystems der FuBsohlen von Westpolynesiern ist ungefahr mittelmaBig im Vergleich mit anderen Rassen.

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Characteristics of the muscular composition of the lower extremities of apes were made clear by comparison of relative weights of the lower extremities among several species of primates including man, and the significance of the characteristics was discussed.
As materials, 10 specis, totalling 77 animals, were used: chimpazee, orang-utan, white handed gibbon, great siamang, hanuman langur, dusky lutong, wooly monkey, black spider monkey, Formosan monkey and Japanese monkey.
To elucidate intra-species variation, many Japanese monkeys containing fetuses were examined. Adult Japanese monkeys do not show any remarkable individual, bilateral nor sexual differences. The relative weights of hip and thigh regions of fetus and infant are smaller than those of adult. While the relative weights of leg and foot are larger than those of adult. However, the differences in age are smaller than the differences between two species which have different locomotion pattern.
In quadrupedal monkey including Japanese monkeys, the relative weight of biceps femoris, which is two joint muscle, is remarkably large, while in man, the bipedalist, biceps femoris is small and gluteus maximus, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis and soleus, which are one joint muscles, are large.
As to apes, chimpanzees, gibbons and gorillas have small biceps femoris like man, and their gluteus maximus, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius, which are one joint muscles, are relatively larger than those of quadrupeds. The orang-utan has larger leg and foot muscles than do other species, but the relative weights of their muscles show the medium value between other apes and quadruped monkeys.
The above characteristics of muscular compsition of apes are further discussed in comparison with the muscle actions clarified by EMG studies. This revealed that the muscular composition of apes are more similar to that of man which takes erect bipedalism than to that of quadrupeds.

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This study establishes a method of determination of the external vertebral column on a scientifically exact reproducible basis, offering a modified measuring method which enables other investigators to prove the change of the profile of external vertebral column in different age groups as well as to prove individual changes in the external curvature of vertebral column with growth. Using this method of measuring and proving the results by the given mathematical methods it is possible to give the range of variation of the external curvature of vertebral column for each age and sex. As a working sample for the above mentioned method the question of age and sex differences during puberty in an European population has been studied.

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The site of Sengen-zinzya-nisigawa-yokoana consisted of eight yokoana Kofuns, or horizontal cave tombs, and was situated in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, in lat.35°30′50″N. and long. 139°27′24″E., discovered from Oct.8th to 14th, 1969. The excavation was done by Mr. K. WATANABE of Yamato High School, Mr.I. VVATANABE of Oobirin University and other members and by us. According to Mr. I. WATANABE, the age of these tombs is from later half of 8th century A.D. to the early time of gth century.
16adults(8males, 3 females and 5 indeterminables), 5 children and 2 infants, 23 bodies in total, were discovered. No old man can be seen in the specimens, as far as the age is able to be determined. All the bodies not disturbed were buried in extended position and land on their back. Eleven adults(8 males and 3 females)Were able to be measured. The measurements were done after MARTIN (1928)except the prominence index of nasal root(50:F)in the skull after SUZUKI(1969), and they are shown in Appendix with the MARTIN's number.The face is broad, with the broad nose, the flat nasal root and long palate as other skeletons from Kofun. The frequencies of dental caries of permanent teeth is as much as 3.8%(9carious teeth in 237).The long bones are relatively long as other Kofun man compared with Japanese in other ages, especially long in the females. The inferior facet of tibia exists in all the six individuals which are able to be examined.

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Archaeological proof of cereal cultivation must be based on evidence obtained in the fields of science closely related to prehistory. The following categories of evidence seem to be sufficient to substantiate the existence of cereals: carbonized plant remains, grains impressions, silica skeletons, and pollen grains from cultivated plants. Since these categories are mutually independent of each other, a single one of them could provide us with a good indication of the existence of cereal cultivation.
The Jomon cultural era, which continued from ca. 10, 000 to 300 B.C. in radiocarbon age, has been regarded as based only on hunting, collecting and fishing activites, but it has been repeatedly hypothesized that it may have been based on a form of cultivation. Excavations at the Uenoharu site, Kumamoto, which have been oriented to the above-mentioned problem, offer some evidence for cereal cultivation in a later Jomon context (Uenoharu Site Research Group, 1971). This paper describes the carbonized grains recovered at Uenoharu together with their stratigraphy, recently obtained radiocarbon dates, and brief discussions of their implications.

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