Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

Application of the Gm System to Population Genetics and Anthropology

Hideo MATSUMOTO

1977 Volume 85 Issue 4 Pages 265-280
Published: November 15, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.265

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The Gm system contributes to human genetics as a unique genetic marker as well as to investigations related to the immunoglobulin structure.The present review was based on the results of the distribution of Gm phenotypes and haplotypes based on Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21) among various populations in Asia and North and South America and consists of the following: 1) The biochemical characterization of various populations in Asia, Northand South America on the basis of the Gm patterns. 2) A discussion of the differentiation process of Mongoloid and Mongoloid-related populations basedon the clear geographical clines found in the Gm haplotypes. 3) A genetic distance study between the Mongoloid and Mongoloid-related populations. 4)The proposal of a fifth haplotype, Gm¹⁵¹³¹⁷, to explain the existence of variant Gm phenotypes found among Mongoloid populations.

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A Somatometrical Study on the Japanese Monkey of Deciduous Tooth Period

Mitsuo IWAMOTO

1977 Volume 85 Issue 4 Pages 281-291
Published: November 15, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.281

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Somatometrical results which were obtained on the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) of deciduous tooth period were reported refering to the postnatal age and the dental formula.Though materials were obtained from monkeys which live in some different districts of western half of Japan and ages were estimated concerning almost half of them, all are combined for statistics and illustrations without considerations as to these matters, because not only the materials were limited to a small number but also in fact the group or troop differences seemed not to be distinct so far as considered and errors in estimations of age would be possibly within only plus and minus one month in almost all of estimated cases. The sexual differences were not conspicuous too, and, therefore, almost not considered in the present paper. As to some other explanatory notes and the results obtained, see tables and figures.

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Bone-breaking Taboo: An Ethnoarchaeological Problem Concerning Northern Prehistory

Hitoshi WATANABE

1977 Volume 85 Issue 4 Pages 293-299
Published: November 15, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.293

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Among modern hunter-gatherers of the North animal cults associated with special disposal of the bones of hunted animals are widely distributed. Ethnographic reports give descriptions of the bones for rituals such as what bones of what animals they are and how they are carefully collected after eating the animals in order to be ritually disposed. Nevertheless, only scanty information are available concerning the physical conditions required of the bones, that is, whether the bones could be or actually were crushed for marrow. However, there are some field data indicating bone-breaking taboos: among such peoples as the Sakhalin Ainu and the Tanaina of Alaska, for example, breaking bear-bones or eating bear-marrow was tabooed or protested. From the viewpoint of the wide distribution of the habit of breaking bones for marrow among hunter-gatherers, the taboo of bone-breaking is unusual and, therefore, it may be possible to trace the origin and history of such a supernatural practice archaeologically by careful examination of the nature of animal remains in archaeological sites.
A fundamental religious concept widely held by modern hunter-gatherers of the North is the belief in the immortality of game. Those bone rituals and taboos mentioned above areexpressions of it. From this point of view the bone-breaking taboo may be one of few clues to the understanding of the world view of prehistoric hunter-gatherers in the North. To pursue this problem we need more data from modern hunter-gatherers.

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Genetic Variability of Permanent Tooth Crowns as Ascertained from Twin Data

Yuji MIZOGUCHI

1977 Volume 85 Issue 4 Pages 301-309
Published: November 15, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.301

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Heritabilities of mesiodistal crown diameters in permanent dentition were estimated on the basis of 266 Japanese twin pairs using a formula which seems to be the most reasonable one available so far. As a result, it was recognized that all the teeth examined had significant genetic variances, and that the teeth with lower genetic variability corresponded with those which were known to have been relatively stable in the human evolution. One of possible explanations for this fact is that such stable teeth have been controlled by almost common genotypes throughout the human evolutionary processes.

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Genetic Study on the Local Populations in Mie Prefecture

Blood Component Polymorphisms in Kamishima Island

Tasuku TOYOMASU, Kazumichi KATAYAMA, Tokiko MIYAZAKI, Hideo MATSUMOTO

1977 Volume 85 Issue 4 Pages 311-323
Published: November 15, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.311

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A total of about six hundred individuals living in Kamishima Island, Mie Prefecture have been tested for genetic variation in two blood groups, four serum protein and twelve red cell enzyme systems, namely, ABO, Rh-Hr;Hp, Tf, IgG (Gm and Km); AcP, PGM, GPT, PGD, EsD, ADA, PHI, GOT, LDH, PGK, AK and PepA. **
An appreciable polymorphism in each trait, except for LDH, PGK, AK and PepA systems, was observed.
The genetic characteristics of this population and the difference between the neighbouring populations is discussed.

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The Social Organization of the Provisioned Japanese Monkey Troops Which Have Extraordinary Large Population Sizes

Akio MORI

1977 Volume 85 Issue 4 Pages 325-345
Published: November 15, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.325

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Two Provisioned Japanese monkey troops, the Takasakiyama A and B troops have extraordinary large population sizes, consisting of about 1000 and 300 monkeys respectively. Dominance tests were conducted among identified adult females of the Takasakiyama A and B troops. Because many pairs showed indefinite dominance relationships and the linear dominance rank order was not observed, individuals were given"dominance rank by ratio".Information of the dominance tests was obtained about two other troops.Indefiniteness of the cominance relationships increased quantitatively and qualitatively with the increase of the population size of the troop. The discrepancy up to now in the reports about the process of troop divisions is related to the population size of the troops and the occurence of indefinite dominance pairs.

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Incidence of Glucose-6-phoshate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Correlation with Some Other Laboratory Findings among the Tibetan Refugees in Orissa

Srisha PATEL

1977 Volume 85 Issue 4 Pages 347-349
Published: November 15, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.347

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[in Japanese]

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