Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

Prehistoric Jomon Skulls from the Satohama Shell-Mound in Miyato Island

Yukio DODO

1981 Volume 89 Issue 3 Pages 283-302
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.89.283

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A total of 18 human skeletal remains of the Latest Jomon period had been uncovered by the late Prof. H. MATSUMOTO in 1918 and 1919 at the Satohama shell-mound, Miyato Island, Miyagi Prefecture, Tohoku District (Table 1). Of these skeletal remains, seven adult skulls (4 male and 3 female) and one adolescent female skull were measured and described (Table 2 and Table 3).
These skulls possessed the following craniological features characteristic of Jomon contemporaries in central and western Honshu: meso- or brachycranic vault, low and broad face with flaring zygoma, rectangular and mesoconchic orbit, low and wide nasal aperture, edge-to-edge bite, and so on.
Comparative craniometrical analyses of the male material revealed that the Satohama series were very akin to the Jomon series in the Kanto district and the western half of Honshu, but were considerably different from the Ainu in Hokkaido and the modern Japanese in the Tohoku district (Table 4, Table 5, and Fig. 5).
With respect to non-metrical cranial variants, the incidence of the supraorbital foramen was significantly lower, and those of the biasterionic suture trace, parietal notch bone, transverse zygomatic suture trace, mylohyoid bridging, and aural exostosis were significantly higher in the Satohama than in the modern Japanese series (Table 6). It was worthy of particular attention that the metopic suture, ossicle at lambda, interparietal bone, and bipartite zygomatic bone (Os japonicum), all of which were rather rare sutural variations in the modern Japanese series, were observable in the Satohama skulls.
Measurements and indices of a male Jomon skull from the Aoshima shell-mound, Minamikata-cho, Miyagi Prefecture were given in Appendix.

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Fundamental characteristics of the vestibular coordinate system in human craniology

Gen SUWA

1981 Volume 89 Issue 3 Pages 303-328
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.89.303

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The present study concerns with the methodological aspects of the vestibular method of orientating the cranium, which is mainly recommended for its physiological significance. Three dimensional coordinates of 36 landmarks were examined in the vestibular coordinate system which is defined by the plane of the lateral semicircular canals. This was determined utilizing a tomography apparatus. The coordinate data were obtained from 63 macerated modern Japanese crania by recording the landmarks with the cubic craniophore and then translocating the landmarks into the vestibular coordinate system.
Measurement errors were found to be small and variance as represented by bilateral asymmetry in the orientation of the lateral semicircular canals were estimated to be insignificant to the total variance. Thus, no apparent evidence exists indicating an instability of the vestibular orientation. Variability of the landmarks was investigated in the vestibular, Frankfort horizontal and glabella-inion line coordinate systems. This comparison revealed that the vestibular coordinate system characteristically shows a relasively high variability strongest in the facial landmarks.

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A morphological analysis of Japanese crania by means of the vestibular coordinate system

Gen SUWA

1981 Volume 89 Issue 3 Pages 329-350
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.89.329

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A total of 63 macerated Japanese crania of known sex were analyzed in terms of three dimensional coordinates of 36 landmarks in the vestibular coordinate system. The horizontal plane is defined by the plane of the lateral semicircular canals. The same data were analyzed in both Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) and in polar coordinates (R, T, Z). In order to summarize the intra-populational variation, principal component analysis was performed on the correlation matrix of the coordinates. The first principal component accounting for over 30% of the total variance was interpreted as mainly expressing variance of facial orientation in relation to the vestibular horizontal. Comparison between the Japanese and European whites showed that while the occipital region was almost identical, orientation of the facial skeleton differed markedly in the two populations; the Japanese possessing a more antero-superiorly orientated facial skeleton in relation to the vestibular horizontal. The stability of the occipital region was a feature again confirmed when comparing 10 reference lines in various populations.

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Alterations of Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, and Heart Rate during 3 Hours of Exercise in Different Ambient Temperatures

Tetsuo KATSUURA

1981 Volume 89 Issue 3 Pages 351-362
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.89.351

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The alterations of cardiovascular responeses during 3 hours of treadmill walking in five thermal conditions, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C, were studied in eight normal young men. Cardiac output (determined with the CO2 rebreathing method), heart rate, oxygen uptake, rectal temperature, and mean skin temperature were measured at 10th minute, 1st hour, 2nd hour, and 3rd hour of exercise. Cardiac output in the 40°C showed a tendency to be higher than in the lower temperature conditions. Cardiac output did not change significantly in all environments during 3 hours of exercise. It might be thought a significant decrease in stroke volume during exercise compensated by a significant increase in heart rate. The most marked decrease in stroke volume and the most marked increase in heart rate occured in the 40°C. A significant correlation between stroke volume and rectal temperature was found as a whole, and the relationship between them did not change during exercise. The analysis of covariance showed the relationship between heart rate and rectal temperature significantly altered during exercise.

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Dental Diseases in Japanese Skeletal Remains

II. Later Jomon Period

Naohiko INOUE, Ching Hui KUO, Gakuji ITO, Tetsuya KAMEGAI

1981 Volume 89 Issue 3 Pages 363-378
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.89.363

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Incidence and specificity of dental caries and other dental disorders in later Jomon period were examined as a part of project for studying the reduction of human dentition.
Materials used are 89 maxillae and 102 mandibles with permanent or mixed dentition selected from 327 Japanese skulls from later Jomon period.
After careful investigation of dental caries and other disorders, consideration was taken into the degree and extent of discrepancy between jaws and teeth, its role to dental caries, and food and eating behaviors as background.
As the results, prevalence and rate of dental caries were almost the same to those in Kamakura era and less than in modern age, but its severity was serious, showing higher rate of advanced dental caries and greater number of missing teeth The degree and influence of the discrepancy seemed to be the minimum in this period, but an environmental pollution of mouth caused by slovenly eating behavior and saccharide ingestion might play a leading role as a pathogenetic factor for dental caries.

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Age at Menarche of Japanese and Bolivian Girls in a Pioneer Community of Eastern Lowland of Bolivia

Masaki MORIYAMA, Hiroshi KASHIWAZAKI, Tai-ichiro TAKEMOTO, Tsuguyoshi ...

1981 Volume 89 Issue 3 Pages 379-382
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.89.379

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The age at menarche of both Japanese and Bolivians living in a colony of Japanese immigrants in eastern Bolivia was examined. Maximum likelihood estimation gave mean menarcheal ages of 13, 15±1.08 for Japanese girls and of 13.08±0.89 for Bolivian girls. The girls are further classified according to the fathers' occupation (Japanese-Agriculturist I, Agriculturist II, Non-Agriculturist: Bolivian-Self-Employed, Employed, Unknown), and the age at menarche of each group was also estimated. For Japanese girls, the difference in the menarcheal age between 'Agriculturist I' (13.28) and 'Agriculturist II' (13.19) was negligible. But 'Non-Agriculturist' showed remarkably younger age at menarche as 11.70. For Bolivian girls, there was clear difference in the menarcheal age between 'Self-Employed'(12.72) and 'Employed' (13.99).

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