Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon
Online ISSN : 1884-765X
Print ISSN : 0003-5505
ISSN-L : 0003-5505
Volume 90, Issue 1
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
  • Banri ENDO, Hideo TAKAHASHI
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 1-16
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Owing to the recent development of various kinds of equipment for the measurement of irregular figures, papers dealing with the long bone cross section related to mechanics are increasing in the field of anthropology. However, there have been few explanations of the actual methods, equipments and equations for measuring these properties. This paper explains briefly the geometrical properties of the cross section in relation to mechanics as well as their actual use in functional morphology related to anthropology and shows various methods and equations for the actual measurement of these geometrical properties. Some of the equations presented in this paper have never or rarely been published before.
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  • IV. Muromachi Era
    Naohiko INOUE, Ching Hui KUO, Gakuji ITO, Tetsuya KAMEGAI
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 17-24
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    For the purpose of studying the reduction of human dentition, an examination of dental diseases in the Muromachi era was undertaken. Materials used were 24 maxillae and 17 mandibles with permanent or mixed dentitions, selected from 127 Japanese skulls from the Muromachi era. As the number of materials available was not sufficient to represent the character of the population of this period, the purpose of this paper might be limited just to present the data obtained.
    By comparing these data to those from the later Jomon, Kofun, Kamakura, and modern ages, however, it might still be possible to consider that the specificity of dental diseases in this period was similar to that in the Kamakura era. The discrepancy seemed to be the main pathogenetic factor also in the Muromachi era.
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  • Shintaro YOKOYAMA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 25-36
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    According to the prediction method of local muscle energy metabolic rate by the author (1980a), local metabolic rates of five muscle groups were determined during eleven static postures. For the above purpose total metabolic rate and integrated surface electromyograms were measured and the simultaneous equations were solved on an electronic computer for each individual subject. The subjects were four young Japanese normal males. The predicted five muscle groups were the muscle erector spinae, the muscles of the buttock, the posterior femoral muscle group, the anterior femoral muscle group and the posterior crural muscle group. Five standing, three half rising, one deep forward bending and two resting postures were tested in the present study. The quantitative results of local muscle metabolic rate [Kcal/h] confirmed a number of findings with reference to human static postures by previous investigators mainly from the view points of electromyography. That was discussed concerning the five local muscle groups. The comparison of the coefficients of variation of metabolic rate disclosed the type differences among eleven static postures and the differences of the roles of the antigravity muscle groups during sustained postures. It was suggested that if metabolic rate in one side of a muscle group would exceed above 10Kcal/h during a static posture man could not achive to sustain the static posture for a long time.
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  • Comparison between the Gondi and the Telugu
    Kunio ABE
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 37-52
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Somatological researches of the three tribes; the Gondi-the distinct Central Dravidian speaking people, in Bastal district of middle India and of the populations in two areas, Hyderabad and Visakhpatnam; the Telugu speaking people, of Andhra Pradesh were carried out in 1981. The data on 290 persons in total; of the three tribes-the Muria (30 males and 14 females), Abujhmarias or Hill Marias (30 males and 12 females), Bison-Horn Maria (22 males and 19 females) and of the two populations-Hyderabad (54 males and 24 females) and Visakhapatnam (49 males and 36 females), was collected (Tab. 1).
    The means with standard errors of 13 measurements and 9 indices of the head and face, and stature for men and women of the tribes and the Telugu are shown in Table 2. The morphologic facial height and the nose height were measured as the distance from the supraorbitale, not the nasion, to the gnathion and the subnasale respectively. Other measurements applied the methods describing in the textbook of anthropology by MARTIN & SALLER (1957).
    The somatometric traits for both the sex of the three tribes in Bastal district have close resemblance to each other, and, according to their geographical distribution (Fig. 1), the means of the longitudinal measurements of the tribes tend to the north-south gradients of larger to smaller dimensions, that is Abujhmaria>Muria>Bison-Horn Maria in order, as pointed out by RAKSHIT (1974) shown in Table 3, but, except the nose height of the females, no significant differences are recognized statistically among them (P<0.01).
    There are no significant differences for both the sex of the Telugu people between Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam in their somatometric traits, in spite of the means of the measurements for the females of Visakhapatnam, except the head length, show the tendency to smaller dimensions than those of Hyderabad.
    Comparing the means of each measurements and indices of the Gondi; the three tribes in Bastal, with those of the Telugu in the two areas; Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam, the means for both sex of the Gondi are smaller dimension than those of the Telugu except the nose breadth of the Gondi which is greater than that of the Telugu. The significant differences are recognized between the means of the two language groups except the bigonial breadth of both sex and the bizygomatic breadth of the females (P<0.01). As for the indices, the Gondi tend to more dolichocephalic and to more euryprosop than those forms of the Telugu, but no significant differences are recognized among them, and only the nasal index of the Gondi is more chamaerrhin with significant difference statistically (P<0.01).
    However, the Gondi and the Telugu show greater similarities between them than either of them to the Todas in Nilgiris of south India (ABE, 1981) or the Sikh in east Punjab (EICKSTEDT, 1934) which belongs to the Indo-Afghan stock. The differences of the measurements and indices between the Gondi and the Telugu seem to show the morphological variations within the Central Dravidian speaking people or some same racial stock. My deep thanks are to Prof. G. G. REDDY (Andhra Univ., Visakhapatnam), Mr. A. SINGH (Head of Panchayat, Palki), Mr. G. L. TAN DON (National Mineral Development Corporation, Hyderabad), Mr. S.C. PURI (Baila Iron Ore Project No. 5, Bacheli), Mr. T. KUBOTA (Foundation for Advancement of International Science), Mr. T. SASAKI (Okura & Co, Ltd.), Mr. S. YAIIMA (Nichimen Co., Ltd.) and other field collaborators for their encouragements and arrangements. I am specially grateful to Prof. E. P. MENON (Friends World College, Bangalore) who helped to overcome many difficulties to obtain the anthropological data in the field and jungle.
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  • Hideo TAKAHASHI
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 53-60
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A quantitative examination was carried out on the proximal end of the femur in order to verify the well-known hypothesis that bone trabeculae and principal stress axes must coincide in their directions. A finite element representation of principal stress directions in the proximal femur was compared to trabecular orientations as measured from a roentgenogram of the femur. Student's t-test reveals that there is no statistically significant difference between the trabecular orientations and the principal directions of stresses in the proximal end of the femur (P=0.93). This suggests that a mechanical analysis of the trabecular structure of fossil bones using roentgenographic techniques may reveal the functional significance of morphological variations in trabecular structure.
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  • Toshiko WATANABE, Yo WADA, Sanae KANDA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 61-72
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Observations were made on 28 Japanese skulls (14 males, 10 females and 4 unsexed) of the middle or later Edo-period (1688-).
    The skulls had been excavated in 1977 at the Tsubue site in Kurashiki city. Measurements and indices were shown in the original table. Results for the Tsubue skulls were compared with those of the present day and Edo-period skulls in Kinai district.
    The Tsubue skulls have shown a long cranial length. Especially median sagittal parietal length and posterior portion of outer acustic porus have elongated on an anthropometrical basis.
    In the facial part of Tsubue skulls, orbital height and nasal breadth are larger than those of compared skulls.
    Anthroposcopically, frequencies of hypoglossal canal bridging, Inca bone, accessory infraorbital foramen and accessory mental foramen are scarcer than those of the other groups of Japanese skulls. Though the Tsubue skulls have revealed above mentioned characteristics, the skulls resemble Kinai skulls in anthropological feature.
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  • Yukio DODO, Mizuho MATSUZAKI
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 73-78
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An adult male skull (K-25) was found at a medieval castle site (Suzaki-tate) in Kamino-kuni-cho, southern Hokkaido. The skull was covered with a ceramic mortar of Suzu-Ware dated in the mid-fifteenth century A.D.
    The morphology of the K-25 skull, both metrically and non-metrically, was far closer to that of the Japanese crania in Honshu than to that of the Ainu crania in Hokkaido.
    The cranial features generally accepted as characteristic of the medieval Japanese in Honshu such as dolichocranic vault and extremely flat nasal root were observable, while some modern features as indicated by a moderately high face, relatively high and round orbits, and a high and narrow nasal aperture were also recognized.
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  • Excavated in Japan (1945-1979) (3)
    Jiro IKEDA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 1 Pages 79-82
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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