Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon
Online ISSN : 1884-765X
Print ISSN : 0003-5505
ISSN-L : 0003-5505
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Volume 90, Issue 3
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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  • Growth of Cranial Base and Vault Dimensions in Children
    Fumio OHTSUKI, Debabrata MUKHERJEE, Arthur B. LEWIS
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 239-257
    Published: July 15, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.239
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    Lengths and angles within the cranial base and vault were measured in cephalometric radiographs of 220 boys and 177 girls ranging in age from 0 to 18 years. These children were participants in The Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. The present study is based on mixed longitudinal data derived from 1861 radiographs for boys and 1401 radiographs for girls. In this study, the anatomical parts of the cranial base are designated as follows: cranial base (nasion-basion), anterior cranial base (nasion-sella), fronto-ethmoidal segment (nasion-sphenoethmoidale), presphenoid segment (sphenoethmoidalesella), posterior cranial base (sella-basion), basisphenoid segment (sella-sphenoccipital), and basioccipital segment (sphenoccipital-basion). Endocranial points are used in the calvarial area for the vertex and anterior and posterior limits. Moreover, three angles are measured (nasion-sella-basion; sella-nasion-point A; nasion..sella-posterior nasal spine). Changes with age in the mean values for each dimension are described. The statistical significance of the observed age changes was tested by linear regression analysis for each variable after dividing the samples into three age groups (0-3, 4-6, 7-18 years). Contrary to reported findings, both basisphenoid and basioccipital segments increase steadily with age in each sex. The angle sella-nasion-point A decreases until the age of 10 years in boys and 9 years in girls; at older ages there is a tendency to increase with age in each sex.
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  • Dentofacial Morphology of Japanese Skeletal Remains from Later Jomon Period
    Koichi SHIONO, Gakuji ITO, Katsuaki INUZUKA, Kazuro HANIHARA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 259-268
    Published: July 15, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.259
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    Tooth to denture base discrepancy, one of the major pathogenic factors in dental diseases, is considered to be an expression of the evolution of human occlusion. If it is true, there should be preceding changes of jaw bones before the discrepancy becomes dominant. The present paper deals with the dentofacial morphology of Japanese skeletal remains from the later Jomon period, as the basis for studying the origin and pathogenic nature of the discrepancy.
    Sixteen skulls from the later Jomon period were analyzed by means of roentgenographic cephalometrics, in which 12 linear and 22 angular measurements were included.
    As the result of analysis, the character of the dentofacial complex was considered as; 1. the size of the facial cranium was almost the same with that of the moderns as a whole, 2. the mandible was very massive with well developed ramus, and, 3. antero-posterior length of the maxillary and mandibular apical bases were larger than those in the moderns. These character-istics seemend to reasonably correspond to the low discrepancy in that period.
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  • Genetic Studies in Tobishima: II. Dermatoglyphic Differentiation among the Villages
    Kazumichi KATAYAMA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 269-289
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.269
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    The finger and palm prints of 328 males and 369 females from Tobishima Island in Yamagata Prefecture were examined for 16 qualitative and 7 quantitative characters, attempting to reveal a regional dermatoglyphic differentation in relation to the population structure reported previously. A high degree of dermatoglyphic differentiation was found among three villages on Tobishima, especially in finger patterns, both hypothenar and thenar/I configurations, total finger ridge counts, and a-b ridge counts. Graphic profiles summarizing variation patterns in qualitative traits were strikingly different from one village to another, suggesting that the dermatoglyphic differentia-tion was apparently of random nature. Such rare variants as hypothenar whorls, hypothenar radial arches, and accessory axial triradii showed an uneven distribution among the villages. Further, a considerable deviation of the Tobishima population from the general Japanese was found in pattern frequencies, especially in missing c triradii, accessory interdigital triradii, thenar/I patterns, and simian creases. These results indicate that, as suggested by the previous report, the regional dermatoglyphic differentiation on Tobishima has been caused mainly by random genetic drift.
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  • Perigraphic Study of the Proximal Half of the Human Femoral Diaphysis
    Hideo TAKAHASHI
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 291-302
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.291
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    This paper presents a quantitative description of the proximal half of the human femoral diaphysis, Perigraphic shapes of 24 human femurs were investigated successively from the subtrochanteric region toward the midshaft. Flatness and torsion of the outer (periosteal) contour of cross sections of the proximal diaphyses were represented by a newly defined section index and the major principal direction, respectively.
    First, rotation of the major principal axis along the length of the diaphysis revealed that various extents of "femoral torsion" exist in most of the diaphyses, the term of which used to be the angle between the femoral neck and the lower end of the femur. Second, changes of flatness and torsion of the diaphyseal cross sections were combined to classify femurs and showed that there were at least 4 types of femurs. Third, the strong flatness and small variation of rotation of the principal axis at the subtrochanteric region suggest the morphological trend of the cross section there, which may be interpreted in mechanical terms.
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  • Secular Change of Dentofacial Morphology during Japanese Historic Ages
    Tetsuya KAMEGAI, Susumu KURAGANO, Kazuro HANIHARA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 303-313
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.303
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    Dentofacial morphology of Japanese has been continuously altering through the historic ages toward the pattern of the moderns. Concerning the almost monotonous increase of the tooth to denture base discrepancy, this alteration is considered to tend always to reduction. The present paper deals with this secular change of the dentofacial morphology during the Japanese historic ages.
    Roentgenographic cephalograms of 95 Japanese skeletal remains from the later Jomon, Kofun, Kamakura, Muromachi and Yedo eras as well as of 288 living Japanese were analysed using 11 linear and 18 angular measurements.
    As the results, slight enlargement of the anterior facial height and diminution of the facial depth were observed as a general trend. Diminution of jaw bones was also dominant especially in the height of the mandibular ramus and the antero-posterior dimension of the maxillary and mandibular apical bases. Consequently the degree of forward inclination of the maxillary and mandibular incisors increased, and this seems to be the expression of the tooth to denture base discrepancy.
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  • Physical Characteristics of Okinawan Diving-Fishers in Relation to Work History
    Ryutaro OHTSUKA, Tsukasa INAOKA, Tsuguyoshi SUZUKI
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 315-323
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.315
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    Thirteen anthropometric and physiological measurements of 84 male diving-fishers in Ishigaki City, Okinawa Prefecture were conducted. The first comparison was between the present data and the corresponding data of six other groups of Japanese muscular workers, and the second focused upon the differences within the Ishigaki diving-fishers in relation to their work history. The Ishigaki diving-fishers were characterized by larger biceps circumference, while their grip strength was inferior. For the second analysis, the Ishigaki diving-fishers were grouped into three: the first (group B) has exclusively carried out breath-hold diving, the second (BD), breath-hold diving and then mask-and-hose diving, and the third (BH) breath-hold diving followed by hand-line fishing. Significant inter-group differences existed only among the older fishers aged 50 to 59 in the four variables analyzed. Comparing with group BH, group B was higher in weight/height ratio, larger in biceps circumference, stronger in grip strength, and lower in heart rate. These differences are likely to have attributed to cumulative effects of their work.
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  • Gait and EMGs during bipedal walk of a gibbon (Hylobates agilis) on flat surface
    Morihiko OKADA, Shiro KONDO
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 325-330
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.325
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    An experimental analysis was performed on bipedal walking of a gibbon (Hylobates agilis) on flat substrate. Kinematic observation revealed that bipedal walk of the gibbon was characterized with bouncing strides, which occasionally turned daring by pushing off with the propulsive limb and 'pseudo' hyper-extension of the hip caused by the pelvic rotation and an abduction of the hip joint. EMGs indicated that the back muscles, hip and knee extensors, and plantar-flexor of the ankle were acting almost in a synchrony from the touch-down to the late mid-stance phase of the limb concerned, thus in a basically different manner from the human walking. While the vastus lateralis did not show a gradual increase of its activity toward the late mid-stance phase seen in the other nonhuman primates, the gastroc-nemius did so. This feature of the gastrocnemius was more remarkable in fast walk than in slow walk, implying its positive role in the bouncing propulsion of the gibbon.
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  • The Negritos of the Andaman Islands
    Kunio ABE
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 331-332
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.331
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    According to their distribution the Negritos of the Andaman Islands were classified into 4 groups; Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa, and Sentinelese, by RADCLIFFE-BROWN (1922), (Fig. 1). Since establishment of "Penal Colony" at Port Blair in 1858, the Andaman Negritos have decreased rapidly in their population, especially in the population of the Great Andamanese from 5, 000-8, 000 souls in 1858 to only 26 souls in 1980 (Tab. 1).
    The somatometric and somatoscopic data was obtained on the Negritos; 6 Great Andamanese (4 males and 2 males) and 1 male Onge, staying in "ADIBASERA" at Port Blair. As the size of the sample was very small, the absolute measurements and indices, and the somato-scopic characters of the individuals are shown in Table 2 and 3 respectively. The results are compared with those of MOLESWORTH (1893), EICKSIEDT (1934), and GUHA (1954).
    The somatic traits of the Negritos of the Andaman Islands were as follows: the stature is short and the values of the head and face measurements are relatively small. They belong to the under-level of the brachycephalic in their head form, belong to the mesoprosop in their face form, and belong to moderately broad in their jugomandibular form. The form of the hair is of the kinky (pepper-corn) type, but the short wave hair was observed in one male (Plate 3). No or thin beard and mustache are observed on their faces. The degree of the projection of arcus superciliaris and arcus zygomaticus is relatively small. The nose bridge runs straightly, and the thickness of the lips are medium in most of cases. Only in one case the Mongolian fold was observed in his both inner canthus.
    Comparing with data obtained by MOLESWORTH (Great Andamanese), EICKSTEDT (Great Andamanese, Onge), and GUHA (Onge), some differences were observed between the somatic traits of the two groups; the Onges has smaller size in the stature and the measurements of the head and face, rounder head in the head form, and broader in the jugomandibular form than those of the Great Andamanese. These differences were observed in author's data too.
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  • Human Skeletal Remains of Jomon Period from Kyoshun, Eastern Hokkaido
    Yoshisuke HIRAMOTO, Katsuyo HONDA, Teruzi TOYOHARA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 339-345
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.339
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    Kyoshun site was located at the western part of Notsuke district in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. From this site, the skeletal remains of two adult males which belonged to the Latest stage of the prehistoric Jomon period were excavated in 1976. The skeletons were accom-panied with the pottery fragments of Nusamai type and several stone tools. The attitude of the first male (K-I) in his grave was unknown, while the second male (K-II) was laid to rest in peace on his left side in crouching posture. The skeletons were mostly in fragments with the exception of the skulls which were in fairly good preservation. It was found that the skulls examined were characterized chiefly by depression of the nasion in profile and median protrusion of the nasal bones in horizontal configuration. The external forms, measurements and non-metrical traits of the skulls were given in Figures 1 to 4 and Tables 1 to 2, respec- tively.
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  • Data of Cranial Measurements in Kinai Japanese
    Eizo AKABORI, Kazuro HANIHARA
    1982 Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 347-350
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.90.347
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    [in Japanese]
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