Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon
Online ISSN : 1884-765X
Print ISSN : 0003-5505
ISSN-L : 0003-5505
Volume 93, Issue 1
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
  • Hisashi SUZUKI
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 1-32
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The physical characteristics of 14 skeletons including 5 Tokugawa Shoguns and 9 wives, as well as 44 skeletons including 30 feudal lords (Daimyos) and 14 wives were studied.
    The Shogun's faces are distinguished from those of the common people of the time by the following features : exceptionally high and narrow face with extremely narrow and prominent nose, high and roomy orbit, highly reduced upper and lower jaws. These features of the Shoguns tend to be more pronounced in the later generation, so that the 14th Shogun Iyemochi Tokugawa (1846-1866), the last one in the present study, shows the most pronounced features among the Shoguns studied. These characteristics are also shared by the daughter of the Emperor Ninkou (Princess Seikan-in) and the feudal lords, although the latter are not so pronounced as in the Shoguns. These charaoteristics are therofore regarded as the aristicratic features of the early modern Japanese. The Japanese aristocrats of the Edo era are, except for the Emperor's family, be lieved to have been descended from the common people in the medieval Japan. Therefore, the physical characteristics of the Japanese aristocrats of the Edo era must have been derived from those of the common people most probably by two causative factors, hereditary and environmental, as follows.
    1) The similarity between the facial types of the Shogun's and Daimyo's wives may indicate the presence of selection of similar facial types among the aristoctats for over 250 years. If, for many generations, women meeting requirements in facial traits are expected to be passed on to the offsprings, including future Shoguns and Daimyos.
    2) Poorly developed upper and lower jaws of Shoguns with the peculiarity of the teeth (absence of masticatory abrasion even in the old individuals) suggest the peculiar mode of life of the Shoguns, especially of dietary habit. The same factor may also be the case among the Daimyos and their wives.
    In conclusion, the Shoguns and the Daimyos can be regarded physical anthropologically as the peculiarly cultivated group of human being in the early modern Japan.
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  • Masaki MORIYAMA, Tai-ichiro TAKEMOTO, Hiroshi KASHIWAZAKI, Tsuguyoshi ...
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 33-43
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The extent of contribution of body weight, height and age to the attainment at menarche was evaluated in a sample of 275 Japanese girls. The means of age, height and weight at menarche were 12.5 SD 0.89 years, 151.1 SD 5.73cm and 42.3 SD 5.75kg, respectively. According to the bivariate correlation analysis between age and height, and age and weight at menarche, height increased (r=0.406, slope=2.603) while weight did not increase significantly with an increase in menarcheal age (r=0.104). The increase of height does not support the invariance of mean height proposed by MATSUBAYASHI (1932), and the random distribution of weight does not support the particular value of weight on the menarcheal sttainment (FRISCH and REVELLE, 1971). However, our finding does not deny the role of weight on menarche, and the weight correlated with the menarcheal status (not attained, 0, versus attained, 1) at each chronological age. An existence of a threshold body size was suggested as one of possibilities to describe the observed relationship.
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  • Tetsuo KATSUURA
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 45-54
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effects of arm work and leg work on cardiac output (Q) and some other physiological parameters were studied in ten Japanese males. The subjects performed the work using arms or legs in a sitting position, with equal work loads of 150, 300, and 450kgm/min. Oxygen uptake (Vo2) and heart rate (HR) during arm work were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those during leg work at the loads of 300 and 450 kgm/min. With the increase of work loads, stroke volume (SV) during leg work was elevated, whereas no significant changes in SV occurred during arm work. At the heaviest load, SV during arm work was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that during leg work. There was no siginificant difference in Q between arm work and leg work at a given work load. The regression equation of Q(1/min ; Y) on Vo2 (ml/min ; X) was calculated for arm work and leg work, respectively, which was Y=2.37+0.00707X for arm work, and was Y=0.779+0.00968X for leg work. Analysis of covariance showed that the elevation of the regression equation calculated for arm work was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that for leg work. The regression equations of Q on Xo2 obtained during arm work and leg work in the present study were compared with those of some previous studies (BEVEGARD et al., 1966; STENBERG et al., 1967). Analysis of covariance indicated that those regression equations obtained during leg work were significantly different among each other. It should be noted that there were no significant differences in those regression equations obtained during arm work.
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  • Iwao SATO, Seiichiro INOKUCHI
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 55-69
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    On the myofibrous organization of the laryngale muscle, the number, the size and the density of muscle fibers were estimated of the transverse muscle sections which were from 4 adult human (2 males and 2 females). The materials were embedded in celloidin and double-stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the results were compared with the hand muscles and the foot muscles of the same subject.
    The following results were obtaited: 1) In thet ransverse section area of muscle belly, cricoarytenoideus muscle, cricoarytenoideus posterior muscle and arytenoideus muscles were the largest area of all, but those group were smaller than hand foot muscle group. 2) In the number of muscle fiber per sq. mm., those groups were in the same range, except for the epiglotticus muscles and thyreo arytenoideus muscle, those larger muscles were in the same range of the foot muscles. 3)In the total number of muscle fibers cricoarytenoideus muscles, cricoarytenoideus posterior muscle and arytenoideus muscles were larger than others, but those group were smaller than foot and hand muscle group. 4) Mean size of muscle fibers were approximately from 1, 200 to 2, 500, epiglotticus muscle were the largest size of all, and that those were as same as the larger muscles of foot and hand. 5) On the muscle fiber density, epiglotticus group was about 30% on the average, others were from about 60 to 80%, the range of those average were within the range of foot and hand muscle.
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  • Banri ENDO, Jean-Paul MICALEFF
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 71-85
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The forces in walking, which are transmitted by the heel, the balls of the first and fifth metatarsal heads and the big toe, were measured by means of small transducers which can measure the vertical and sagittal forces, and the mechanical roles of these skeletal parts in external force transmission were analysed. The force measurements were carried out at various speeds of walking, indicated by the unaware stride frequencies. At the beginning of the stance phase, the heel collides with the ground, producing a sharp and fairly large force. But it may vary, depending on the hardness of the ground. The heel bears only about a half of the whole force in the earlier half of the stance phase in usual walking, but its magnitude and relative rate become higher in fast walking. The other part of the whole force is transmitted from the metatarsal heads. In the later half of the stance phase, the whole force is transmitted from the metatarsal heads and toes. The first metatarsal heads transmits the largest part. The big toe seems to play an important role in acceleration, together with the other toes, especially in the case of fast walking.
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  • Akira YASUKOUCHI
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 87-95
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL) was measured in recumbent and sitting postures in five healthy male subjects under ambient temperatures of 12, 20, 28 and 36°C. DL increased by about 30% from 36°C to 12°C in both postures. DL in the recumbent posture was always larger than that in the sitting one and these postural change was not affected by change in ambient temperatures. Changes in DL with ambient temperature were parallel with those in pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) as shown in correlation coefficients of 0.54 for the recumbent position and 0.93 for the sitting one. However, the regression coefficient of DL on Vc was smaller in the recumbent posture than in the sitting one. This implies that change in DL in the recumbent posture mainly depends on pulmonary capillary dilation while change in DL in the sitting one mainly depends on pulmonary capillary recruitment. It was found out that Vc was related well with stroke volume among obtained physiological parameters. It is concluded that Vc is a primary determinant of acute change in DL induced either by postural change or by thermal condition and that alteration in Vc may be closely related with determinants of acute change in stroke volume in this study.
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  • III. Analysis of Genetic Differentiation in Relation to the Degree, Pattern, and Cause
    Kazumichi KATAYAMA, Kazuo UMETSU, Tsuneo SUZUKI, Hideo MATSUMOTO
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 97-112
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Blood samples of a total of 389 inhabitants from Tobishima Island in Yamagata Prefecture, locating in the north-western part of Japan, were examined for 23 blood polymorphic systems, for the purpose of evaluating the degree and pattern of genetic differentiation among the three constituent villages (KA, NA and HO) and to identifying the factors mainly responsible for the differentiation. A remarkable degree of genetic variability was found to exist among the villages, being especially conspicuous in the ABO and Gm systems. The inter-village differentiation was evaluated to be 1.17% of the total genetic variation according to Nei's coefficient of gene diversity, indicating the degree by far greater than that seen among the general populations off three distant districts of Japan, Tohoku, Kinki and Kyushu, and appreciably greater than that among the Ainu, Kinki and Sakishima populations. As for the differentiation pattern, two of the villages (KA and HO) were similar to each other in the array of allele frequencies, whereas the other one (NA) was rather more similar to the general Japanese than to them. However, the majority of the systems exhibited a more or less unbalanced variation pattern among the villages. Characteristic deviations of the Tobishima populations from the general Japanese population were noted in not a few allele frequencies, being notable especially in a decrease of JKa and an increase of PGMvar1., some of which might be common to the northern areas of Japan. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that random genetic drift, gene flow, inter-village migrations and probably founder effect have contributed as the main factors to the production of genetic differentiation among the villages on Tobishima. The present study has significance in providing an excellent evidence of demonstrating that gene flow has also played an important role in an ongoing micro-evolutionary process within a small area of Japan.
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  • [in Japanese]
    1985 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 113-116
    Published: 1985
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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