This paper compares Chinese graduates from Japanese universities with the other country graduates and also compares Chinese graduates who majored in science & engineering with those who majored in humanities & social sciences in terms of employment, working and living environment in Japan based on questionnaire surveys and interviews. Through this process, this paper aims to draw implications which will facilitate their settlement and contribution to their workplaces.

As the result of the survey, Chinese graduates show stronger tendency to seek employment related to their mother country than the graduates of other countries. They tend to have stronger discontent with promotion and feel less support as foreigners than the graduates of other countries. The Chinese graduates who majored in science & engineering tend to work for a larger scale companies, receive a higher salary and get more support than those who majored in social science and humanities.

As the result of multiple regression analysis, setting their perception of work suitability as objective variable and their evaluation of various elements of working environment as explanatory variables, it was found out that among the Chinese graduates working in Japanese companies, the utilization of their expertise and Japanese language ability are the strongest elements to explain the work suitability while the consideration as foreigners, clarity of role & responsibility and not too strict work requirement are more important explanatory factors among the graduates of other countries. It is a good contrast that requirement of Japanese language ability and high work requirement are positive explanatory valuables for the Chinese graduates and negative explanatory variables for the other country graduates, implying that Chinese graduates have a higher adaptability to Japanese companies than the other country graduates. Among the Chinese graduates who majored in humanities and social sciences, the utilization of Japanese language ability is a positive explanatory valuable for the work suitability, reflecting their willingness to use their Japanese ability as their advantage.

The understanding of the above mentioned characteristics of Chinese graduates will lead to create an environment which will promote their settlement in Japan.

In the early 1980s, Indonesia witnessed the extrajudicial killings of thousands of hoodlums by security forces. The victims’ bodies were left at prominent public places. Because the authorities did not admit to any involvement, the Indonesian media termed the killings “Petrus,” which means “mysterious shootings.” This thesis aims to analyze the ruling style of Suharto’s regime by considering the mass killings.

From the beginning, the Suharto regime regarded Indonesian society as a legitimate target for intelligence activities and machinations, as symbolized by the existence of Operasi Khusus (Opsus); this was initially a team set up for the army’s intelligence work in Malaysia, but later became institutionalized to rule over Indonesian society. Applying intelligence and machinations to maintain domestic rule may be considered a rational step for the authorities. Given that other strong political ideologies still had deep roots in society, it was extremely difficult to create the Golkar system based on the state-sponsored Pancasila ideology by means of repression alone. Thus, the government had to rely on intelligence operations, such as machinations, provocations, and propaganda that justified the repression of potential enemies.

This thesis, based on interviews, seeks to show that many victims of Petrus were hoodlums who had been recruited as agents for covert operations. They were organized under Ali Moertopo, the head of Opsus and Suharto’s right-hand man in the early days of the regime. Though there has long been a speculation that the real target of Petrus was Moertopo’s network, the rumors have not been substantiated.

My argument is as follows. The Suharto regime, in its effort to build up the Golkar system, often used intelligence machinations toward members of its own society to eliminate or weaken potential enemies. This ruling style naturally alienated a specific societal group and created social divisions. The target of Petrus (or in any case, one of the main targets) were the hoodlums who had been used as a tool for such machinations. After their mission was over, the hoodlums came to be seen as unnecessary and dangerous; they were eliminated themselves through another huge machination—Petrus. In this context, Petrus symbolized a fundamental contradiction in the Suharto regime, which sought the thorough permeation of “harmonious” Pancasila ideology, but, in reality, could not rule the country without dividing society.