In order to find the optimum condition of pre-hydrolysis of hardwood, the hydrolysis rates of pentosan of Buna (Fagus crenala Blutne) have been measured in 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 percent sulfuric acid, their temperatures at 74, 100, 115, 130 and 147°C. The results show that the hy-drolysis of Buna wood pentosan consists of two stages. The first-order reaction constant of pentosan hydrolysis in the first stage is greater than that of the second stage. The equations describing the rates of hydrolysis of Buna wood pentosan in both stages are shown as follows:
kA=2.56×l0¹⁵C^1.15 exp{-30900/(RT)}
kR=5.57×l0¹⁵C^1.15 exp{-30900/(RT)}
where kA and kR are first-order reaction canstants involved in the first and the second stages respectively, C is the percentage concentration of sulfuric acid, R is the molar gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. The values of activation energy of reactions in both stages are of the same magnitude and the constant values describing the effect of acid concentration are also the same. The liquid-solid ratio over the range tested (8:1_??_16:1) has little effect on the velocity of the reaction. Two samples, the sawdust and the shaving, which differ in size are hydrolyzed at the same rate.

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Cl. felsineum var. sikokianum produces the maceration enzyme, which converts insoluble middle lamella pectin to the soluble form. This enzyme differs from liquefying polygalactu-ronase (PG) in its enzymic action, although two enzymes are always produced together by various microorganisms, and their properties are found to be mutually similar. The macera-tion enzyme has been obtained from a partially purified solution containing this enzyme and liquefying PG, by application of the ion exchange resin chromatography. It was found that pectin in the barks of Ganpi changed into the soluble form, this being quantitatively deter-mined, when enzymic retting was performed by the purified maceration enzyme.

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In the preliminary experiment, it has been found that only the normal cells which con-tain about 50%, protein are produced, when the nutrients are sufficiently supplied. Then, only the normal cells being treated, the growth characteristics of Chlorella ellipsoidea were investigated. The cell growth was not affected by the agitation of the rotor speed up to 780 r.p.m. with the gas supply at the rate of 300ml./I-min. Upon this, the algal suspension was constantly agitated only by bubbling of gas supply.
In the conditions favourable for cell growth, the restricting factors are light intensity and cell concentration. And the growth rate related to these factors was investigated in the continuous culture process, in which the growth rate is equivalent to the flow rate in the limited range as shown in Equation 7.
In the exponential phase the growth rate is constant having no relation to the cell concentration, and the functional relation to the light intensity is shown by Equation 6a. In the linear phase, the increase of cells per unit area and time is constant at a fixed light intensity as shown by Equation 8a, and therefore, the growth rate or flow rate is in inverse proportion to the cell concentration as cited in Equation 9. The yield obtained by the continuous culture was the same as that by the batch culture.

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Equations which indicate the yield and the growth rate or flow rate at the condition that some transparent light is present, were introduced. From these equations and experimental yields, the extinction coefficient of cell suspension for compound light was calculated. It was found that if Beer's law is applicable to cell suspension, it is applicable with the changing value of the extinction coefficient through the suspension in case of compound light, from 0.42 to 0.26 for instace, because of the selective absorption of compound light by the suspension. The coefficient also changes with the change of light intensity, because the light of high in-tensity produces cells of low chlorophyll content, especially at a low cell concentration. And so, at a low light intensity, the yield is determined by the high value of the coefficient at a low population density and by the low value at a high population density, while, at a high light intensity, it is determined by the low value of the coefficient at both low and high population densities.
Finally, a brief consideration on mass culture of Chlorella was presented, the merits and demerits of applying the continuous culture system and the multi-vessel system in continuous culture to mass culture being discussed.

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Reduction of naturally occurring chrysanthemum carboxylic acids by the action of lithium aluminum hydride gives mono-and di-valent primary alcohols respectively. The alcohol obtained from chrysanthemic acid is named chrysanthemol and that from chrysanthemum-dicarboxylic acid chrysamphiol.
Both alcohols absorb 1 mole. of hydrogen on catalytic hydrogenation over a platinum catalyst, to give the corresponding dihydro-compounds, and absorb bromine. It is remarkable that chrysamphiol absorbs hydrogen and bromine in contrast to the inertness of chrysanthe-mum-dicarboxylic acid. Thus, chrysamphiol is regarded as a key compound to assign the geometrical configuration of the side chain double-bond of chrysanthemum-dicarboxylic acid, by chemical processes employing the natural acid. Dihydrochrysamphiol gives dihydro-chrysanthemum-dicarboxylic acid by alkaline permanganate oxydation, which is of biological interest.

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This method is based on the theory that positive polymer ions combine stoichiometrically with negative ones in a dilute solution. The solution of a positive polyelectrolyte like N-trimethylated glycol chitosan is added to a solution or a plant extract which contains pectic acid derived from pectin by demethylation of the latter with alkali, the excess of the added positive polyelectrolyte being titrated with the standard solution of a negative polyelectrolyte like potassium salt of polyvinyl sulfonate. The end-point of this titration is indicated by the color change of toluidine blue or sudden precipitation of the reactants. The amounts of pectin, expressed as pectic acid, are calculated from the difference between the results of the titration and the blank experiment. This method is also applicable to estimation of the methoxyl contents of pectin.

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A new enzyme responsible for the oxidation of D-glutamic acid was obtained from the mycelium of Aspergillus ustus strain f isolated from the soil. Many properties of this enzyme in the state of dried cell or crude extract were studied. The enzyme preparation strongly oxidizes D-glutamie-and D-aspartic acids but does not affect any other DL-amino acids at all. A new micro-determination method for D-glutamic acid has been devised by means of this enzyme.

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From the results obtained from the series of the studies^{1, 2, 3)}, the authors have taken interest in the plant hormone activity of 1, 2-dihydro-naphthoic acid-(1). This substance was synthetized by the following new method.
Synthesis of 1, 2-dihydro-naphthoic acid-(1) (IX): 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthoic acid-(1) (V) or its ester (VI) was brominated with N-bromo-succinimide and then the mono-bromide produced was dehydrobrominated or concurrently hydrolyzed by refluxing with a theoretical amount of 10 per cent solution of methanolic potash. The crude acid obtained (IX and I) was recrystallized from methyl acetate, and pure acid (IX), m.p. 98°, was isolated in a yield of 40-60 per cent of the starting substances (V) or (VI) (cf.
Figure 1). The acid (IX), thus obtain_??_was found to differ remarkably in m.p. fr_??_those substances previously reported by t two workers^{4, 5)}. Nevertheless, the followi_??_ experiments, indicate that the newly synth tized acid (IX) is undoubtedly 1, 2-dihydx naphthoic acid-(1).
Confirmation of chemical structure of t_??_acid (IX):
1) Absorbing I mol. of hydrogen throu_??_catalytic hydrogenation, acid (IX) ga 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-naphthoic acid-(1) qua titatively (Figure 1).
2) Acid (IX) was stable in hot alkali_??_solution, in which 1, 4-dihydro-naphthoic aci (1) (III) was labile to give 3, 4-dihydr naphthoic acid-(1) (IV) (Figure 1).
3) Both dibromo- and dihydroxy-deriv tives of acid (IX) showed higher melti_??_points than those of the homologues deriv_??_from 3, 4-dihydro(IV) and 1, 4-dihydro-nap thoic acid-(1) (III) (Table I).
4) Acid (IX) was oxidized with 1 p cent solution of potassium permanganate stepwise, and phthalic acid (XIII) was fin_??_ly obtained via glycolic acid (XI) and tric_??_boxylic acid (XII) (cf. Figure 2).
Plant growth activity of the acid (IX): T results of plant hormone activity tests rev_??_that the acid is a strong plant hormo substance (Table II).

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In the hydrolysis process of pectin by the pectic enzymes of Sclerotinia libertiana Fcl decomposition ratios resulting from the col-loid titration method increase gradually from the initial to the final stage of reaction, amounting to about 100 percent at their best conditions. These tendencies are similar to that of iodmetry, but dissimilar to that of the viscometric method, in which the decom-position ratios increase sharply at the initial stage of reaction, while a little afterwards. (See Table I.) In the case of pactic acid used as a substrate, these matters are also the same as above. (See Table II.)
In the case of the hydrolysis of pectin or pectic acid by the exo- and endo-enzymes of Asp. niger (which contain a strong DPG but little GPG and PM), the decomposition ratio found by the viscometric method increases,
but the decompositions are scarcely observ by colloid titration. In this case, the fore tion of reducing sugars observed is also litt (See Tables III. and IV).
In consequence, it has, been concluded th the colloid titration method is specific ai sensible to the action of GPG or PM, b insensible to the action of DPG.

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