About 40 halogenoalkylcarboxylic acid esters were synthesized and their nematocidal activities were tested against the rice white tip nematode, Aphelencoides besseyi.
Allyl esters of halogenoacetic acids were found to inhibit completely the growth of nematode at the 8 p. p. m. level, and the most effective one was allyl bromoacetate inhibiting at the 2 p. p. m. level, while sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate, a commercial nematocide inhibited at the 16 p. p. m. level.
The relationship of variation of the acid and alcohol moieties of esters to the nematocidal activity was discussed.

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The isolation of a new glycoside, named here as neocycasin A, with use of carbon chromato-graphy, is described. It is one of u series of aliphatic azoxy glycosides, found in the seeds of Japa-nese cycad together with cycasin which is β-glucosyloxyazoxymethane as reported previously. The glycoside monohydrate gives m. p. 162°_??_163° (decomp.), [α]_??_-35.1°; its heptaacetylate, m. p. 142°_??_143°, [α]_??_-55.5°, from which octaacetyl-β-laminaribiose is isolated. On the basis of examination of the products obtained from partial or complete hydrolysis, and spectroscopic measurements, neocy-casin A is concluded to be β-laminaribiosyloxyazoxymethane, i.e. 3-0-β-D-glucopyranosylcycasin.

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The purification of Aspergillus oryzae peptidases was attempted by the fractional precipitation with acetone, ammonium sulphate, and by starch zone electrophoresis. We, thus, achieved a great success in the separation of dipeptidase free from aminopolypeptidase and proteinase as well as in the separation of aminopolypeptidase free from dipeptidase and proteinase.
The specific activity (C₀) of the former (leucylglycine hydrolysis) was 7000 and that of the latter (leucylglycylglycine hydrolysis) 22000.
The leucylglycine dipeptidase was remarkably activated by Zn⁺⁺, and Co⁺⁺. Some other enzyme properties were also found and are discussed.

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1) Glyoxylate and succinate were formed in addition to pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate, when the cell free extracts of coli-aerogenes grown on either glucose or citrate were incubated in the presence of citrate.
2) The fresh cell extracts of coli-aerogenes revealed a very poor potency of producing α-ketoglutarate with citrate, whereas, the addition of coenzyme II (TPN) to the reaction mixtures resulted in an increase in formation of α-ketoglutarate from citrate.
3) It was found with coli-aerogenes that iso-citritase existed in the various cells obtained from the following growth- media: bouillon-, peptone-, glucose-, acetate plus bouillon- suc-cinate plus bouillon- and citrate plus bouillon (Peptone)- media.
4) Isocitritase was demonstrable, even when coli-aerogenes was anaerobieally grown on a citrate-bouillon medium.
5) A large amount of glyoxylate was excreted in the external media, when not only the dried and ground cells of coli-aerogenes, but the intact (washed) cells of A. aerogenes were also incubated in the presence of citrate and a trapping agent such as semicarbazide.
6) Isocitric dehydrogenase existed in the cells of coli-aerogenes.
7) From the results obtained in the previous and present papers, it was strongly suggested that the intracellular concentration of coenzyme II of coli-aerogenes might be relatively low, so that coenzyme II-dependent isocitric dehydro-genase could not be operative at such a high rate sufficient to effect the complete removal of citrate.
8) It was indicated that the major degrada-tion of C₆-triearboxylie acids by coli-aerogenes took place by way of splitting reactions rather than depending on the isocitric-a-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase system.
9) With both C₃- and C₄-acids, α-ketoglutaratc was again ascertained to be obtainable in a high yield.

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1) It was found with coli-aerogenes that two kinds of citrate-splitting enzymes, i.e. citritase and isocitritase, were formed when the organisms were grown on citrate.
2) The mode of degradation of citrate was suggested to be as follows:
[I] Citrate ^citritase→acetate+oxalacetate
Citrate^{TCA cycle}→succinate+4H+2C0₂
Oxalacetate+4H→succinate
Sum: 2 Citrate→2 succinate+acetate+2C0₂
[II] Citrate^cartas→acetate+ oxalacetate
Citrate ^isocitritase→glyoxylate+succinate
Oxalacetate→acetate+2H+2CO₂ Acetate+glyoxylate+2H→succinate
Sum: 2 Citrate→2 suceinate+acetate+2CO₂
3) The cell free extracts of both strains B-T and B-2 of coli-aerogenes were fractionated for isocitritase and citritase.
4) The yields of keto-acids obtained by the degradation of citrate were observed to vary from bacterial strain to a strain.
5) The presence of a large amount of suc-cinate brought about a striking inhibition on the action of isocitritase while no inhibiting ef-fect was observed on the action of citritase.
6) The action of either isocitritase or citritase was not influenced by the presence of antibiotics (dihydrostreptomycin, chloramphenicol and tet-racycline) and other inhibitors such as 2, 4 dinitrophenol, NaN₃, NaF, o-phenanthroline and αα'-dipyridyl.

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1) The activity of aspartase, a combined re-saction of aspartase and aspartic-glutamic trans-aminase, and a coupling reaction between isocitric dehydrogenase and glutamic dehydro-genase were investigated with the bacterial cells or cell extracts of coli-aerogenes obtained under various conditions. The growth-media tested were such as bouillon-, citrat- bouillon-and glucose-ammonium nitrogen-media.
2) In all of the cases tested aspartase activity was observed to be extremely high.
3) It was ascertained that the combined re-action of aspartase and aspartic-glutamic trans-aminase by the cell extracts of the bacteria proceeded at an exceedingly high rate, whereas, a coupling reaction between isocitric dehy-drogenase and glutamic dehydrogenase by the disrupted cells or the fresh cell extracts occurred at an exceedingly low rate.
4) It was found that isocitritase was operative even under such the conditions that the fresh cell extracts were incubated in the presence of addition of citrate and ammonium ion.
5) The addition of coenzyme triphosphopy-ridine nucleotide to a mixture containing the fresh cell extract brought about an increase in the yield of glutamate or α-ketoglutarate.
6) The mechanism of assimilation of ammonia in the bacteria was discussed.

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The outline of this report¹⁾ has already been published in this journal as a communication to the Editors. The relation among four isomers, gibberellin A₁, gibberellin C, pseudogibberellin A, and isogibberellin A, was clarified. The partial structure of gibberellin C is presented.

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The outline of this report has already been published as a short communication¹⁾²⁾ concerning the secondary hydroxyl group of gibberellin A₁, which was proved to be C-2 of its carbon skeleton. The relative position of the secondary hydroxyl group and lactone carbonyl are subsequently deter-mined, and, finally, the attaching position of the lactone carbonyl was proved to be C-3 of its carbon skeleton.

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The outline of this report has already been published in this journal as Communication to the Editors^{1, 2)}. It was shown that gibberellin A₃ (gibberellic acid) has one more double bond at certain position of the gibberellin A₁ structure. Several experiments supporting the partial structure of gibberellin A₃ as (I) are reported. The position of the double bond in ring A of gibberellin A₃ was assigned and the final structure of gibberellin A₃ is reported.

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On the reduction of (-)-carvone with sodium in aqueous-ammonia, the predominant product was found to be (-)-dihydrocarveol, a new stereoisomer. From this fact, it might be concluded that this reduction method is stereospecific for (-)-carvone, similary as in the case of (-)-menthone. By the catalytic hydrogenation of (-)-dihydrocarveol, a new stereoisomer of carvomenthol has also been prepared. It is noteworthy that (-)-dihydrocarveol has the same conformation (e, e, e) as that of (-)-menthol, which was also quantitatively obtained from (-)-menthone by application of our method of reduction reported previously.

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The work described in this paper has been undertaken to clarify the effects of smoking procedures on combustion temperature of cigarettes and the nicotine content in smoke of domestic commercial cigarettes. Intermittent and continuous smoking were carried out under different puff velocities by means of an artificial smoking apparatus. The measurement of com-bustion-zone temperatures developed during from 5ml/sec. to 60ml/sec. puff velocities were made by 0.05mm. -diameter thermocouples made of platinum and platinum (87%)-rhodium (13%) wire and by an excellent responsive autorecording potentiometer. These values were 794±25.3°C_??_827±21.1°C, irrespective of smoking pro-cedures, but with an exception of 769±9.2°C of 10ml/sec. intermittent puffing. However, the free-burning temperature was 746±31.7°C.
When the cigarette was consumed up to 45mm. in length from the lighted end, the nicotine content in cigarette smoke increased with puff velocity. These values rised linearly from 2.38mg (5ml/sec.) to 6.65mg (60ml/sec.) for inter-mittent puffing, and from 3.29mg (5ml/sec.) to 9.90mg (60m/sec.) for continuous puffing.

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1) The combustion temperatures of domestic commercial blended cigarettes are not affected by the moisture content in cigarettes or the smoking procedure, and, most of these values are within the limits of 794±25.5°C and 827±21.1°C.
2) No significant differences in the amount of nicotine transferred into smoke were observed between 10.9%, and 15.4.% moistured cigarettes, while values obtained from low moistured, 6.6%, cigarettes, were always slightly higher than those obtained from both 10.9% and 15.4% moistured cigarettes.

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Esperin is an acidic antibiotic with a molecular formula of C₃₉H₆₇N₅O₁₁ and, on hydrolysis with acid, it afforded L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-valine, L-leucine, D-leucine and 2-tridecenoic acid. By treatment with alkali, esperin was transformed to esperinic acid, C₃₉H₆₉N₅O₁₂, which was shown to be β-hydroxytridecanoyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-valyl-leucyl-leucine. From chemical and physical studies, esperin was proved to be the lactone of esperinic acid, represented by the formula III.

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Macrosporin (I), C₁₆H₁₂O₅ was ethylated with diazoethane to monoethylether (IV), which was oxidized to 4-methyl-5-ethoxy phthalic acid (V). Oxidation of monoethylether (IX) gave 3, 5-dimethoxy phthalic anhydride (XI). From these results and I.R. absorption spectra of macrosporin and its derivatives, the structure of macrosporin is established to be 3, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl anthraquinone.

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N-D-Glucosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid has been found to form melanoidins in methanol solution acidified with hydrogen chloride at 25°. From the reaction mixture 5-hydroxymethyl. furfural (HMF) has been isolated and identified as its 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. So, comparisons between the browning reaction of HMF or furfural with aromatic amine and that of the corresponding N-glyco-sides have been made under the same condition. From the results obtained, it has been shown that, under the described condition, furfural is almost inactive for browning, while on the contrary, HMF is active and plays an important role in the browning reaction.

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