Chlorophenols are readily converted to methyl ethers by the reaction with diazomethane. Mixtures of methyl ethers of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentachlorophcnols can be separated completely by gas-liquid chromatography on silicone high vacuum grease and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate columns at 150-190°C. The peaks of chlorophenol methyl ethers are sharper than that of free chlorophenols. Pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorophenol in technical products and commercial herbicide formulations can be determined by internal standard method with dibutyl phthalate.

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The present time, chloropicrin (CP) is commonly used as the fumigant for stored grain insects, nematodes, soil fungus and weed seeds. The quantitative determination of CP has been performed by total chlorine method, colorimetric method and polarography. However, these methods require a great deal of trouble. In the previous paper, the author reported on the operating conditions and retention datas for the determination of CP by gasliquid chromatography (GLC). The method reported here is an application of this work for analysis of liquid soil fumigants.

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Examination was made on the formation of active amyl alcohol by yeast cell-free extract from α-keto-n-butyric acid, which is considered to be the first intermediate of α-amino-n-butyric acid or threonine. About 40% of assimilated α-keto-n-butyric acid was converted to active amyl alcohol at pH 5.2. TPN and DPN were effective, but magnesium was not effective upon the formation of active amyl alcohol.

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Two kinds of anthocyanin were isolated from the petals of white peach and examined by paper chromatographic and spectral analyses. The results showed that one of them is crysanthemin and the other is a derivative of chrysanthemin which has not been isolated from peaches previously.

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Riboflavin producing mutant of Zygosaccharoiiiyces soja was obtained by a treatment with cycloheximide. This mutant actively utilized various sugars and excreted riboflavin to the culture medium in a concentration of 30 to 40μg per ml. Aerobic condition was prefered to sustain the growth of mutant and glucose catabolism was altered from alcohol fermentation in case of mother strain to respiration in mutant. This paper presents data obtained from morphological and physiological investigations.

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Glucose catabolism inZygosaccharomyces sojawas carried out through fermentation, whereas riboflavin producing mutant obtained by cycloheximide treatment was found to utilize oxidative mechanisms. For instance, growth of mutant was sustained in minimal medium containing TCA cycle intermediates as the sole carbon source, whereas the mother strain could not grow on such culture media. Furthermore, malonate inhibited the oxidation of succinate with resting cells of mutant. As these results support the existence of TCA cycle in mutant, various enzyme activities relating to TCA cycle were investigated by the use of cell-free extracts of both strains. Aconitase, α-ketoglutaric decarboxylase, succinic dehydrogenase, fumarase, isocitritase and glyoxylic reductase were not detected in mother strain. These data indicated that both the TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle did not operate in mother strain. On the other band, all enzyme activities relating to TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle were verified in mutant. This finding indicates that both the TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle performed a main role in carbohydrate catabolism in mutant. The evidence that alteration of the mode of glucose catabolism from fermentation in case of mother strain to respiration of mutant elicited by the action of cycloheximide was thus explained.

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D-Ribulose was formed by the nickel ion catalyzed decarboxylation of 2-keto-D-gluconic acid in pyridine. Additionally, a small amount of D-arabinose was also detected.
In the case of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, L-xylose and L-xylulose were formed in an approximately equal amount.

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The hydrogenation of sodium D-araboascorbate in an aqueous solution with Raney-Nickel afforded a mixture of sodium aldonates. From Ruff degradation product of this, D-arabinose was isolated as crystal. The formation of D-ribose was also observed on the paper chromatogram. From these results, the conformation of D-araboascorbic acid was deduced.

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In succession of the paper reported in 1960, the measurements of strontium-90 (Sr-90) and cesium-137 (Cs-137) concentrations in milk powder were carried out in order to investi-gate the extent of the later radioactive contamination of milk in Japan. Whole- and skim milk powders collected from several localities of the whole country every season from 1958 to 1962 were used for radioactivity assay. These experiments show that there is regional variation in Sr-90 and Cs-137 concentrations and Cs-137μμc/Sr-90μμc ratio in milk powder produced in Japan is higher than that of other countries.

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The essential oil from the tea-leaves was examined by means of gas liquid chromatography; a number of the components present were tentatively identified, and twenty two substances among these components were found to be identical with those found by Takei et al. In the present work, isoamyl acetate, salicylaldehyde, benzyl acetate, indole and skatole were recognized on the chromatograms for the first time. Upon completion of the gas chromatographic tests, it was suggested that there were at least four components still remaining unknown. In addition, approximate quantitative analysis is presented for the composition of the major components of the essential oil.

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The distribution in microorganisms of extracellular enzymes which degrade DNA into deoxymononucleotides was studied. The degradation products of DNA were determined by using 5'-nucleotidase and prostatic nonspecific phosphomonoesterase. It was found that except Bacillus subtilis IFO 3302, the microorganisms which produced the enzymes that catalyze the degradation of RNA into 5'-mononucleotides, produced the enzymes capable of hydrolyzing DNA into 5'-deoxymononucleotides, whereas the microorganisms which produced such enzymes that degrade RNA into 3'-mononucleotides did not generally produce the enzymes which hydrolyze DNA.

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The very minute crystals of L-glutamic acid of inferior properties were apt to be crystallized from the concentrated fermentation broth by the direct neutralization method, and it was clarified from the results of the examination of the effects of concentration, temperature and residual sugar on the crystallization of L-glutamic acid α-from the broth that the production of such undesirable crystals was due to the crystallization of crystals in β-form. By adding the amino acids which are effective on the crystallization of L-glutamic acid in α-form from the purified glutamate solution, the easily filtrable α-crystals could be obtained also from the concentrated broth by the direct neutralization method.

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The concentration and composition of dissolved constituents in water, determine its quality for irrigation. Quality of water is important consideration in any appraisal of salinity or alkali conditions in an irrigated area. The characteristics of an irrigation water that appear to be most important in determining its quality are:
1. Total concentration of soluble salts.
2. Relative proportion of sodium to other cations.
3. Concentration of boron or other toxic elements.
4. Under certain conditions, the bicarbonate concentration as related to the concentration of calcium plus magnesium.
The total concentration of soluble salts in irrigation waters can be adequately expressed for purposes of diagnosis and classification in terms of electrical conductivity. Irrigation waters that have been used successfully for a considerable time have conductivity values less than 2, 250 micro mhos/cm. Waters of higher conductivity are used occasionally, but crop production, except in unusual situations, has not been satisfactory.

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The development of the profile is mainly the consequence of movement of water in the soil and we may distinguish the following three possibilities:
Firstly under humid condition there is an excess of rainfall over evaporation. Thus, there is a general tendency of downward movement of soil moisture and the soil is subjected to a leaching process, whereby the constituents are carried downwards and are either deposited in the lower horizons or completely removed in drainage water.
Secondly, under arid conditions with an excess of potential evaporation over rainfall, rain moistens the soil to a limited depth. After cessation of rain, the soil moisture rises again to the surface under the influence of evaporation with the result that translocation occurs in both directions, and in final stages of dessication, the deposition of salts from solution may occur throughout an appreciable depth of surface soil.
Thirdly, downward movement may be prevented by the presence of ground water, or the occurrence of impervious sub-soil layer. In such cases water movement can only occur laterally over the horizon of impedence. The impedence may not be complete, but intermediate stages can also be observed.
The development of alkali soil profile is governed either by the second or third or by the combination of both the processes mentioned above.
In India, saline soils, saline-alkali soils and alkali soils are commonly distributed. Leached soils are of very rare occurrence.

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