A marine yeast, strain MM313 was isolated from a marine sediment sample at depth of 1120m. The organism was identified as a Candida sp. MM313. The yeast was able to utilize n-paraffin, n-C₁₀ to n-C₂₀. Regardless of its origin, the organism grew in a medium prepared with fresh water. However, the cell yield increased with increasing concentration of each salt in sea water in the medium and reached a maximum value at the concentration of 75%. The cultivation temperature for the maximum rate of growth and that for the maximum level of growth were 28° and 10°C, respectively. Several cultural conditions were investigated. The cell yields to n-paraffins were about 85% at 15°C after 4 days and 56% at 28°C after 3 days under optimal conditions.

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Screening test for obtaining microorganisms which produce pepsin inhibitor was carried out. One strain of microorganism showed strong ability to produce pepsin inhibitor.
The morphological and physiological characteristics of this strain were studied. This strain was found to belong to the genes Streptomyces but seems to be sufficiently different from all species of this genes to warant the description of a new species Streptomyces naniwaensis sp. n.
When the strain was cultivated at 27°C with a medium containing 5% polypeptone, 0.1% K₂HP0₄, 0.1% NaCl, 0.05% MgSO₄•7H₂O, 0.001% FeS0₄•7H₂O, 0.0001% CuSO₄•5H₂O, 0.0001% ZnSO₄•7H₂O, 0.0001% MnSO₄•nH₂O, in shake-flasks (pH 7.0), the highest activity was obtained after 48_??_72hr cultivation.

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S-PI was crystallized from culture filtrate of Streptomyces naniwaensis by salting out with ammonium sulfate, adsorption on active carbon, extraction with methanol, gel filtration on Sephadex LH-20, column chromatography on silica gel and rechromatography on Sephadex LH-20.
The molecular weight of S-PI was estimated 644 and its molecular formula was assumed C₃₁H₅₇N₅O₉ from the results of mass spectral analysis and elementaly analysis. S-PI gave positive Rydon-Smith reaction but was negative to ninhydrin reaction.
One mg of crystalline pepsin was completely inhibited by 18 μg of S-PI. S-PI also inhibited various acid proteases but the rate of inhibition was different on each acid protease.

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Some physicochemical and enzymic properties of the purified lotus seed protease were investigated. The molecular weight determined from sedimentation-diffusion studies and by Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration was 36800 and 35500, respectively. The enzyme gave a typical ultraviolet spectrum of protein and its isoelectric point was found to be in a range of pH 3_??_4. The enzyme was stabilized at pH 6 in Tris-hydrochloric acid buffer by the addition of cupric ion. The inhibitory function of some reagents, especially that of potassium permanganate, and acetylation of the enzyme revealed that the tyosine residue in this enzyme protein might play some important role in the enzyme activity. Lotus seed protease was found to be fairly similar to pepsin in some properties.

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Cathepsin D was isolated from crude extract of chicken muscle by the purification procedures of acid- and heat-treatments, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The enzyme was purified about 3700 fold and homogeneous in disc-electrophoretic analysis. The molecular weight was found to be about 36000 and the isoelectric point to be pH 7.3. The best substrate for this enzyme was 6 M urea-denatured casein, and its activity was maximal at pH 3.5 and 40°C. This enzyme was most stable between pH 4 and 5, and its stability was affected by cupric ion. The enzyme activity was markedly inhibited by sodium laurylsulfate and oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate, N-bromosuccinimide and iodine, and was slightly activated by hydrogen peroxide. The purified cathepsin D was found to be fairly similar to the acid protease from lotus seed, previously reported by the authors.¹⁾

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The chemical analyses showed that inositol deficiency caused especially the increase in content of glucan fraction and the decrease in contents of inositol, phospholipids and free-pool fraction. Other components, however, did not change in contents in inositol deficiency. More mannan fraction and free-pool substances were found to be released from the cells in inositol deficiency than in sufficiency. The respiratory and fermentative activities were lost in inositol deficient cells of 24hr culture, which was considered to be the consequence of unbalanced growth death. But the respiratory activity did not so much decrease in inositol deficient cells of 8hr culture as the fermentative activity, especially the aerobic fermentative activity, did. The release of mannan fraction and the decrease in intracellular free-pool fraction were accompanied with the loss of viability.
These results suggest that inositol deficiency caused the abnormality of the cell structure and permeability, and that this abnormality may be the possible cause of loss of viability due to inositol deficiency.

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The enzyme with high milk clotting activity produced by Irpex lacteus was partially purified by a CM-cellulose chromatography. Throughout the over-all process, the enzyme was purified approximately 9-fold from a crude powder with about 22.8% recovery of the original activity. The MCA/PU ratio of this fraction was 2.51 and the specific milk clotting activity was 188.7.
The purified enzyme is a sort of acid protease with optimum pH of 2.5 for casein digestion and 4.0 for hemoglobin digestion. The Lineweaver-Burk plot, when casein was used as a substrate, showed that the Km value of the enzyme was about 0.07% and the Vmax value was 0.4. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 34000, the isoelectric point is pH 5.2 and a ultraviolet absorption maximum is at 277mμ. The enzyme has not yet been crystalized but seems to be u sort of glycoprotein, because the Molish reaction was positive at the present purification stage.
Some enzymological properties of the enzyme was studied and compared with those of a calf rennet and Mucor rennet. In some respects such as pH optima, pH stability, ther-mostability and temperature optima, the enzyme is Mucor rennet alike. On the other hand, as to the increase in activity along with decrease in pH of milk and the increase in activity along with the addition of Ca ion, the enzyme is not very different from the calf rennet. However, proteolysis of milk casein by the enzyme was fairly higher than by the calf rennet.
As to the production of enzymes, I. lacteus can produce at least three types of proteases into liquid media. When, for example, R medium was used, only one type of protease, that is the fraction A, could mainly be produced and it was this enzyme that assumed to be a rennet like enzyme.

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It was observed that three kinds of fluorescent glycosides (FG-l, FG-2, and FG-3) were more abundantly accumulated in Taphrina wiesneri-infected cherry (Prunus yedoensis) stems than in healthy ones. The contents of FG-1, FG-2, and FG-3 in infected stems were, re-spectively, 2.7, 7.2, and 4.3 times those in healthy stems. In dryed infected stems, FG-1, FG-2, and FG-3, amounted respectively to 0.005, 0.18, and 0.12% in the bark part; and to 0.003, 0.048, and 0.008% in the wood part.
FG-l was isolated in crystalline form, and was identified with gentisic acid-5-β-D-gluco-pyranoside by the comparison of its chemical and physical properties with those of synthesized gentisic acid-5- or 2-β-D-glucopyranoside.

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Glutathione reductase as an acidic flavoprotein, has been isolated from the acidic protein fraction of rice embryos and purified by procedures involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-100, ion exchange chromatography on CM-and DEAE-Sephadex and finally hydroxylapatite column chromatography. The preparation was homogeneous when examined by ultracentrifugation and almost pure on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The flavoprotein exhibited an absorption spectrum characteristic of glutathione reductase having absorption maxima at 275, 370, 379, and 463mμ with a clear double peak between 370 and 380mμ and shoulders at around 430 and 490mμ. The absorption ratio of A₂₇₅/A₄₆₃ and A₄₆₃/A₃₇₉ were 8.15 and 1.06, respectively. The purified enzyme was highly specific for NADPH and oxidized glutathione. The preparation had the average catalytic activity of 150 μmoles of NADPH oxidized per min per mg of protein.

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The pH optimum and kinetic properties of glutathione reductase from rice embryos have been determined. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents especially when the enzyme was kept contact with the hydrogen donor prior to the addition of in-hibitor. The physical and chemical properties of the enzyme have been characterized. Its sedimentation coefficient, s⁰_{20, w}, and diffusion coefficient, D_{20, w,} were 6.20 S and 5.4 F, respectively. From these values, the molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be 106000. On the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the molecular size of the subunit was estimated to be 52000. The flavin prosthetic group of the enzyme was identified as flavin adenine dinucleotide. The flavin content indicated the presence of 1 mole of FAD per 52400 of minimum molecular weight. These results suggest that the enzyme molecule consists of two subunits, each containing 1 mole FAD. The amino acid composition was somewhat similar to that of the yeast enzyme and the content of half cystine residues was the same between the two proteins although the rice glutathione reductase contained the greater amount of hydroxylamino acids than the yeast enzyme. Hydroxyproline was found in the rice enzyme.

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Among the γ-radiolysis products of p-bromophenol in an aqueous solution, four new oligomers were obtained. By chemical and physical techniques their structures were elucidated as ortho-, meta- and para-terphenyl in which C-4, C-2' and C-4'' are substituted by hydroxyl groups and C-5' by a bromine atom and as 5-bromo-2, 4', 4''-trihydroxy-m-terphenyl, respectively. These oligomers may be formed by the arylation of p-bromophenol or the dimeric product with an aryl radical intermediate resulted from debromination of p-bromophenol by some radiolysis product(s) of water.

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A radio-resistant Pseudomonas has been isolated from samples of normal unpolished and commercial rice grains. This species could be classified in chromogenic group of genus Pseudomonas. It's taxonomic characteristics were found to be sufficiently different from all the described species in this genus to warrant it's description as a new species and was named as Pseudomonas radiora nov. sp.
The radio-resistance of this species was 10 to 40 times higher than that of ordinary species in the genus Pseudomonas such as Ps. fluorescens. The dose at D10 value of the strain No. O-l was ca. 0.14 Mrad, which is similar to that of the Micrococcus radiodurans, and that of the strain No. RP-C was ca. 0.06 Mrad in M/15 phosphate buffer.

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Syntheses of substituted s-triazines were carried out by means of_??_ring closure of Smethylguanylisothiuronium methosulfate or morpholino- as well as dimethylbiguanide and with amino acid chlorides prepared from N-blocked amino acids as tosyl-, phthalyl-amino acids.

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Enzyme activities involved in the galactose metabolism of Torulopsis candida grown on u lactose medium were investigated with the cell-free extract and ammonium sulfate fraction. Remarkable activities of galactokinase, galactose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase and UDPG pyrophosphorylase were detected, whereas UDPGal pyrophosphorylase activity was weak. UDPGal formation proceeded by the cell-free extract along a coupling reaction catalyzed by UDPG pyrophosphorylase and galactose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase where UDPG or glucose-l-phosphate acted as a catalyst.
The mechanism of UDPGal accumulation under the fermentative condition could be explained by a concerted inhibition of UDPGal-4- epimerase activity by 5'-UMP and galactose present as fermentation substrates.

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A partially purified preparation of UDPGal-4-epimerase from lactosegrown Torulopsis candida was found to require exogenous NAD for the full activity, while little activity being observed without NAD. The Km for NAD was 1.4×10^-4 M, showing a relatively low affinity as compared with the enzymes from mammalian sources. The enzyme activits was remarkably inhibited by incubation with 5'-UMP provided that galactose was also present. The concentration of 5'-UMP present seemed more critical than that of galactose on the inhibition; it occurred in the presence of low concentration of 5'-UMP provided that galaetose was present enough. The catalytic activity was almost recovered by a short dialysis of the enzyme preparations preincubated with 5'-UMP and galactose. A strong inactivation of the enzyme activity was also found by the combination of 5'-UMP and glucose.

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The response of all urea cycle enzymes, i.e. carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase, has been determined in the liver of protein-depleted young rats which were forcibly fed individual essential L-amino acids along with or without caloric sources. The feeding of individual amino acids produced different effects on the level of each of the enzymes, and generally the response of carbamyl phosphate synthetase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase was greater than that of ornithine transcarbamylase. Of all the essential amino acids tested tryptophan was most effective on the elevation of these enzymes. Several amino acids, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine and methionine had also somewhat effect on the increase of some enzyme activities, but other amino acids had little or no effect on the response of these enzymes. On the contrary, histidine and lysine caused appreciable decrease of arginase activity. These enzyme activities in rats fed tryptophan alone were extremely higher than those of animals fed it along with caloric sources. The response level of the enzymes was essentially dependent on the tryptophan content in diets under the proper conditions. Tryptophan feeding did not produce any increase in both levels of urine and plasma urea despite the elevation of all urea cycle enzyme activities occured.

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N-Carboxymethyl-β-alanine and four γ-glutamyl peptides-γ-L-glutamyl-L-leucine, γ-L-glutamyl-L-methionine, γ-glutamylphenylalanine and γ-glutamyltyrosine-were isolated from green gram seeds. N-Carboxymethyl-β-alanine is a compound which is isolated from natural products for the first time. An amount of γ-glutamylmethionine was far more abundance than all others.

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Contents of free amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides and protein amino acids of green gram seeds and seedlings were determined. γ-Glutamyl peptides, which were contained in seeds at high concentration, were not detected in seedlings. No significant relationship was found between the amino acid composition of protein and the free amino acid composition in both seeds and seedlings.

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n-Decyl (C₁₀), undecyl (C₁₁), lauryl (C₁₂) and myristyl (C₁₄) alcohols induced nutritional encephalomalacia, when fed to one-day-old White Leghorn male chicks for 3 weeks, while n-heptyl (C₇), n-octyl (C₈), n-nonyl (C₉), cetyl (C₁₆) and stearyl (C₁₈) alcohols did not. Esters of the former group, i.e. n-decyl acetate, lauryl stearate and dilauryl succinate, and aldehydes corresponding to the former group, i.e. n-decyl aldehyde and lauraldehyde, also had the ability to induce encephalomalacia. The disease can be completely prevented by dietary supplementation of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Median lethal dietary level of n-decyl and lauryl alcohols and lauraldehyde was estimated to be 20, 18, and 12%, respectively.

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A bacterium identified as Pseudomonas sp. was found to be a better source of oligogalacturonide transeliminase (OGTE) than Erwinia aroideae.
The OGTE of Pseudomonas sp. differed from that of Erwinia aroideae in the following respects: (1) The activity was maximal with tetramer and followed by trimer, dimer and polymers. (2) The OGTE of Pseudomonas sp. degraded the saturated uronides as rapidly as, or a little more rapidly than, the corresponding unsaturated uronides. (3) Calcium ion stimulated considerably the OGTE activity.
Both oxidized and reduced acid-soluble pectic acids were resistant to the action of the OGTE.
With the purified enzyme preparation, 4-deoxy-5-keto-D-glucuronic acid was the end product of the OGTE action on oligo- and polygalacturonides. 4, 5-Unsaturated galacturonic acid is probably the intermediate in the formation of 4-deoxy-5-keto-D-glucuronic acid.

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