経営史学
Online ISSN : 1883-8995
Print ISSN : 0386-9113
ISSN-L : 0386-9113
58 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の4件中1~4を表示しています
論文
  • 山中 千尋
    2023 年 58 巻 1 号 p. 3-26
    発行日: 2023年
    公開日: 2024/12/25
    ジャーナル 認証あり

    This study examines the organizational management and business development of the National Research Council of Japan (NRC) in its early stage, investigating primary sources. Previous studies focus on the establishment and development of the NRC from the perspective of scientific mobilization, however, few have considered what the NRC has actually done after World War I. How and why was the NRC launched in the 1920s? We clarified that with the initiative of Joji Sakurai, the NRC initially sought to be a national and international liaison office with low costs in the pursuit of research efficiency by means of mutual correspondence. However, it merely became a counterpart to the International Research Council (IRC) and its affiliates due to internal disorder and budget reductions due to the fact that the government undertook disarmament and no longer saw a need to intensify academic research, regarding the NRC as a formality. Accordingly, the NRC’s overseas-related activities were seamlessly arranged such as a regular dispatch of representatives to international meetings and the publication of journals in European languages to report domestic research outcomes. Sakurai, as the vice president of the NRC, was active in international communication. Meanwhile, domestic activities were left to each academic department based on the policy of autonomy. Consequently, the members from diverse institutions in research frontlines were aggressive in requesting budgets for the formation of new research institutions in Japan on the grounds of research encouragement. Conversely, the NRC’s general coordination was limited to a frequency of approximately once a year; the members could not share a united vision on how to encourage scientific research in Japan. Ironically, the NRC experienced setbacks in domestic measures. It was unable to organize Japanese research institutions as originally planned, but deepened sectionalism on its own and only functioned for exchange with foreign countries.

  • ―神奈川県を事例として―
    山下 麻衣
    2023 年 58 巻 1 号 p. 27-51
    発行日: 2023年
    公開日: 2024/12/25
    ジャーナル 認証あり

    In the past, all non-medical needs of hospitalized patients at medical institutions in Japan were taken care of by middle-aged and older women without any medical qualifications. Such women were referred to as “care assistants.” This study investigates the reasons why care assistants existed during the post-WWII period and the period of rapid economic growth. The study focused on the characteristics of women who operated the nurse and housekeeper agencies in Kanagawa prefecture, as well as how they managed labor supply and demand. These agencies were commercialized and charged fees for their services.

    First, the study verified that this service remained because the women who ran the nurse and housekeeper agencies used their networks to find new employees and employment opportunities for them. The women who ran these agencies had obtained qualifications as midwives, registered nurses, and public health nurses in Kanagawa prefecture and had prior nursing work experience. Hence, these women were able to establish relationships with physicians and nurses at private medical facilities and nursing care facilities in the Kanagawa prefecture. Using these connections, they continuously sent care assistants to work at medical facilities in need of manpower. Second, care assistants were able to continue working because of the many years’ experience working for women who ran the nurse and housekeeper agencies.

    However, this study also acknowledged that during these historical periods, care assistants provided care for hospitalized patients in place of unpaid family members. The costs required to employ care assistants were covered by the patients’ medical insurance or the patients themselves. Therefore, employing care assistants was a cost-saving measure. Furthermore, the inexpensive medical care in Japan was supported by women who provided nursing care to patients for free or low fees.

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