Fenretinide,
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), is a synthetic amide of all-
trans-retinoic acid (RA), which inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and is an antioxidant, and cancer chemopreventive and antiproliferative agent. These findings led us to investigate which structural component of 4-HPR contributes to these potent activities. Our approach was to examine 4-aminophenol (4-AP),
p-methylaminophenol (
p-MAP), and
p-acetaminophen (
p-AAP). It was found that vitamin E, 4-AP and
p-MAP scavenge α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals in a 1:2 ratio, in contrast to 4-HPR and
p-AAP, for which 1:1 and 1:0.5 ratios were observed relative to DPPH radicals. However, RA was inactive. Lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes was reduced by compounds (RA>
p-MAP=4-HPR>4-AP) in a dose-dependent manner, while
p-AAP was inactive. In addition, both
p-MAP and 4-HPR are potent inhibitors of cell growth and inducers of apoptosis in HL60 cells.
p-MAP exhibits the same level of antiproliferative activity as 4-HPR against HL60R cells, which are a resistant clone against RA, and it inhibits the growth of various cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MCF-7/Adr
R, HepG2, and DU-145) to an extent greater than 4-AP and
p-AAP, but is less potent than 4-HPR. Thus, although the antioxidant activity of
p-MAP is more potent than that of 4-HPR,
p-MAP is less potent than 4-HPR in anticancer activity. These results suggest that both the anticancer and antioxidative activities shown by 4-HPR are due to the structure of
p-MAP. The retinoyl residue or long alkyl chain substituent attached to an aminophenol may be significant for anticancer properties.
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