Anumber of genes in E. coli, including phoA, pstS, phoE, and ugpB, are related to transport and assimilation of phosphate and are under the same physiological and genetic controL. They constitute a single pho regulon and are regulated by multiple regulatory genes that constitute a cascade regulatory network. In this system, the modulator protein PhoR undergoes autophosphorylation in the presence of ATP and acts as a protein kinase for the activator protein PhoB. Phosphorylation of PhoB enhances its binding activity to the pho box and activates transcription from the pho promoters.
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