In the F
1-ATPase complex, the conformational change of the catalytically active β subunit is propagated to the entire α
3β
3 ring, resulting in an asymmetry in the hexamer. With the sequential nucleotide perturbations, the asymmetrical α
3β
3 structure changes from one state to the other, which rotates the γ subunit axis. Basically, the two elements: the β structural change and the asymmetrical α
3β
3 are essential for the molecular motor rotation. Therefore, we have been studying them using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results in a series of our studies deepen the understanding of the rotational mechanism of the motor.
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