The Old World species of the genus Eurema Hübner, consisting of 33 species and 170 subspecies, are revised. Based mainly on the male and female genitalia, the grouping within this genus and the inferred intraspecific phylogenetic relationships of the subgenus Terias are presented. Based on these results some biogeographical considerations are given, using the principles of "vicariance". Some aspects of ecology and biology of the genus including economic significance are also given.

Redescriptions are given at genus-, subgenus-, species- and subspecies levels. Four taxa, puella, ormistoni, irena and halmaherana which were treated as subspecies of Eurema species, are raised to specific rank. The following aspects of each recognized species and subspecies are presented: current combination, synonymy, diagnosis, external features, male and female genitalia, chromosome number, variation (seasonal and geographical), type material examined, material studied, taxonomic remarks, relationship, distribution, habitat, habits, early stages; adults of every recognized taxon, and male and female genitlia of every species are illustrated. A key to the species of the Old World Eurema is provided.

Based on Hennig's method of cladistic analysis, the phylogenetic relationships of the subgenus Terias, which is defined as a distinct monophyletic group, are inferred. The subgenus Terias consists of 3 monotypic groups (the smilax, the hapale and the ada groups), and 2 large groups (the sari and the hecabe groups). The sari group can be divided into 4 distinctive subgroups, the tilaha, the lacteola, the Candida and the sari subgroups. From the inferred phylogenetic relationships, a historical biogeography of the subgenus Terias is postulated. The ancestral stock of the subgenus Terias is assumed to have extended all over the Old World tropics. From this broad ancestral range, first the stem species of the smilax group, then those of the hapale and the ada-sari-hecabe groups were differentiated allopatrically by the appearance of barriers. The sari group comprises many species which show considerable morphological diversity. Most members of this group are local and rare in distribution, being confined to the tropical forest. In addition, they are almost allopatric in distribution within each subgroup. These facts support a vicariant hypothesis of fragmentation of the subgroup ancestors into allopatric species.

A new fossil species of long-armed scarabaeid beetle is described from Tottori, San-in district, Japan, the Middle Miocene. It is tentatively assigned to the genus Cheirotonus Hope.

A new fossil lamnoid shark, Carcharodon nodai, is described here from a bed of the Late Eocene Manda Group in Omuta City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. This species differs from other species of the genus Carcharodon in having the coarse serrations on the cutting edges of the crown and the anterior cutting edge is entirely convex in the outline.

A new species of the genus Agama is described from Gilgit, Federal Adminis trated Northern Areas (FANA) of Pakistan. The species is compared with two closely related species, Agama agrorensis (Stoliczka) and Agama melanura (Blyth), on the basis of number of labials, body scales, callose scalation and colour. The distribution of the species in the area is also outlined.

An incomplete humer bone of odontopterygid bird is reported from the Oligocene Ashiya Group, Northern Kyushu, Japan. The length of humer bone is very large, suggesting the wing span of about 6 meters. The affinity of marine bird assemblage of the Ashiya Group to the Iwaki Group, Northeastern Honshu, is emphasized as they both yield plotopterygidand odontopterygid birds.