Only two genera are currently referred to Asthenognathinae, one extinct, Globihexapus Schweitzer and Feldmann, 2001, and the other ranging from Oligocene to Holocene, Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858. Asthenognathinae is currently recognized as a member of Varunidae. New specimens of Globihexapus from the Miocene Astoria Formation, Newport, Oregon, are more complete than the original material and permit more detailed description of the type species. Globihexapus shares many features with Asthenognathus and is confirmed as member of that subfamily. A detailed diagnosis for the Asthenognathinae is provided, possibly for the first time. Latitudinal range for members of Asthenognathinae have broadened in the Holocene to include tropical occurrences, whereas southern hemisphere occurrences are not recorded today. No ev-idence of commensal lifestyle is reported for fossil occurrences.

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The type material of Linuparus canadensis (Whiteaves, 1885a) and Linuparus vancouverensis (Whiteaves, 1895) from British Columbia, Canada, are re-illustrated. Key features not originally mentioned are indicated. Many eastern North American occurrences previously referred to L. canadensis should be placed within L. keyesi Kornecki et al., 2017. Thus, the geographic range of L. canadensis is modified and restricted to Western and Central North America.

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The boundary between the Kazusa Group and the Miocene sequence in the Sayama Yamato well, which is unconformable, ranges from 920 m to 940 m in depth based on lithofacies of cuttings. The Miocene sequence has yielded calcareous nannofossil and fossil diatom assemblages, which are assigned to CN5a and NPD5A zones respectively, and correlates with the late Middle Miocene sequence, the lower part of the Negishi Formation, the Tokigawa Group, in the Iwadono Hills. The silica mineral phase boundary of opal-A and opal-CT is considered to be between 1,200 m and 1,220 m in depth of the well based on the occurrence of fossil diatoms.

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The Palaeozoic palaeontological diversity of glacio-fluvial erratics in the Lower Rhine (Niederrhein) district of the federal state of Nordrhein-Westfalen (Germany), close to the Dutch/German border, may be locally varied, but can be limited. Nominal crinoids are almost unknown. Most sea lily material is in the form of generally indeterminate external moulds of pluricolumnals and rare thecal remains in various Lower and Middle Devonian sandstone facies types that are often lumped as ‘Spiriferen-Sandstein’. An incomplete theca from the Siemes Sand- and Kiesbaggerei at Wemb, close to Weeze and Kevelaer, is here tentatively assigned to the monobathrid camerate genus Eucalyptocrinites. The vase-shaped theca has crystal apple-type preservation; some brachial series and large interbrachial plates are apparent; and a central broad canal is rounded in outline. This specimen was probably derived by glacial and/or fluvial action from the east or, more likely, north. Although left in open nomenclature, the specimen is close to Eucalyptocrinites granulatus (Lewis) from the Silurian (Wenlock) of Gotland.

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Charles Taylor Trechmann (1884–1964) was an independently wealthy researcher on the fossil faunas of north-east England and the Antilles. He formulated his theory of mountain uplift in response to the idea of a basal complex beneath the Antilles, proposed by Charles Alfred Matley (1866–1947). Trechmann’s ideas on tectonics were promulgated mainly in a series of four monographs that he published privately. In 1953 Trechmann gave a talk on mountain uplift to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, but was refused publication in their journal ‘Advancement of Science’. Trechmann implied that the rejection of this short note led to him writing the last and longest of his monographs. This explanation was likely disingenuous. Trechmann had difficulties in publishing his tectonic theory in recognised research journals. Most likely, he wanted to publish in ‘Advancement of Science’ to reach a wider audience for the mountain uplift theory. His last and longest monograph was probably always planned as a ‘last hurrah’ as a publishing scientist; Trechmann published little subsequently.

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Very small, stereotyped drill holes are found in 15 shells of Kotorapecten egregius (Itoigawa), collected from the lower Miocene Akeyo Formation (ca. 18 Ma) of the Mizunami Group in Mizunami City, Gifu, central Japan based upon the examination of the collection of Mizunami Fossil Museum. These drill holes can be assigned to the ichnotaxon Oichnus ovalis Bromley, attributed to predation by octopods. These examples are the oldest ambiguous fossil records of the octopod-predatory drill holes found in Japan.

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Fossil molluscs from the Ena, Shikura and Shirakawa limestones within the Middle Miocene Sakurada Formation (Yugashima Group) on the Izu Peninsula, central Japan represent the tropical shallow marine community lived around a volcanic island(s) that located at latitudes much lower than the present. A new gastropod species, Astralium ena, is described from the Ena Limestone. This new species is distinct from the most similar species Astralium verbeeki Icke from the Lower Miocene of Nias in Indonesia by the higher shell profile, more impressed suture, thicker axial ribs and more number of spiral cords on the base. This is the second species of the genus Astralium recognized from the Miocene of Japan.

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Barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from the middle Pleistocene Atsumi Group, deposited in the Mizunami Fossil Museum, are classified. Sixteen species in 13 genera of barnacles are recorded and illustrated. Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius) (Platylepadidae) and three archaeobalanids, Acasta sulcata Lamarck, Euacasta dofleini (Krüger), and Pectinoacasta pectinipes (Pilsbry), are first reported from the Pleistocene of Japan. Adna Sowerby, a coral-inhabiting barnacle genus of Pyrgomatidae, is reevaluated. As a result, Pyrgomina Bałuk and Radwański is synonymized with Adna, and A. anglica (Sowerby), a sole included species of the genus becomes a senior synonym of Pyrgomina djanae Ross and Pitombo, Pyrgoma elargatum Seguenza, Pyrgoma oulastreae Utinomi, Pyrgomina seguenzai Bałuk and Radwański, and Pyrgoma sulcatum Philippi.

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Early Cretaceous echinoids from the Greater Antilles have not been adequately investigated or described. In great part, this is because they are rare, except locally, and are commonly poorly preserved. Two sites are now identified that have yielded these rare fossils. The Lower Creta-ceous Hatillo Formation in the Dominican Republic (central Hispaniola) is on the property of the Pueblo Viejo gold mine. Although these rocks are well-lithified, fossils can be seen on the weathered surfaces of the exposed limestone. These fossils include robust echinoid radioles (= spines) that are globular to elongate and are elliptical in section. More commonly, tests are recognised only in section and of uncertain orientation; at least some of these are regular echi-noids, bearing auricles, but it is likely that more than one species is represented. Similar radioles have also been found in Jamaica, in the Benbow Inlier, from limestones of the Devils Racecourse Group; there are no associated tests. The preservation of these spines is undoubtedly a function of their mineralogy and the fact that there are few delicate structures to be destroyed. The ra-dioles are referred to the hemicidarid taxon Pseudocidaris sp. cf. P. clunifera (L. Agassiz); Pseudocidaris clunifera has been recorded previously from Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Albian) formations of central Mexico.

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Thirty molluscan species have been recovered from the upper Lower Miocene Higashibessho Formation around Yamada-Nakanose in Toyama Prefecture. Of these, Propeamusium fuganjiense Yamana is the first recorded from this formation and described. Other two interesting species, Myonera osawanoensis (Tsuda) and Liracassis yokoyamai (Kuroda) are also herein de-scribed. The deep-sea fauna of the Higashibessho and uppermost part of Kurosedani Formations share some characteristic species with the Lower to Middle Miocene formations in San-in (Shimane and Tottori Prefectures) and Tokai (Aichi, Gifu and Mie Prefectures) areas. Moreover, the vesicomyid Pleurophopsis, the cassid Liracassis and the neilonellid Neilo (Multidentata) migrated southward since the Early Miocene from the west coast of America, Kamchatka and Sakhalin. These data support the extension of a relatively cold-water subsurface current to the Japan Sea side of western Honshu.

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Additional strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) of molluscs including Crenomytilus grayanus (Dunker), from the Akeyo Formation of the Mizunami Group in Mizunami City, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan are determined. The strontium isotopic ages suggest that the Crenomytilus grayanus-bearing horizon (most-lower part of the Yamanouchi Member, Akeyo Formation) has been deposited at ca. 17.8 Ma. In addition, upper part of the Kubohara Facies (middle part of the Maki Member), Iwamura Group has been deposited at same age of the Yamanouchi Member.

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Three species of pedunculate barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) are recorded from the upper Lower Miocene Higashibessho Formation in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. Arcoscalpellum s.l. hamurorum, a new species of Scalpellidae represents the fourth record for the genus from the Miocene of Japan. The occurrence of Lepas kuwayamai Karasawa, Tanaka, and Okumura (Lepadidae) extends the known geologic range for the species to the late Early Miocene. Scalpellidae genus and species indeterminate is known from too few plates to permit more confident identification.

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A total of 792 specimens of the Takashi Ito fossil decapod collection were classified. These specimens were collected from Holocene deposits (ca. 7,700–6,900 cal BP) in the Shimizu Port, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Forty-two species are identified and illustrated. New records for fossil decapods in Japan are as follows: Lyreidus stenops, Notopus dorsipes, Mursia trispinosa, Phalangipus hystrix, Cryptopodia transitans, Liagore rubromaculata, Zalasius dromiaeformis, Haemocinus elatus, Jonas distinctus, Macrophthalmus (Macrophthalmus) telescopicus and Pseudopinnixa carinata.

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Tephra analysis of borehole core samples (NB core) recovered from the coastal area of Nohbi Plain (Nabeta, Yatomi City, Aichi Prefecture) was performed, and several widespread tephra were identified. Based on the identified tephra, some problems have newly derived. Its contents are as follows. 1) Stratigraphy of the NB core consists of the Nan-yo (Holocene), Nohbi and First Gravel (latest Pleistocene), tephra in the bottom sediments of Lake Biwa. 3) Three ash-fall horizons were identified in the marine clay member of Nan-yo Formation. These are correlated with the Ulreung-Oki (U-Oki), Kikai-Akahoya (K-Ah), and Amagi Kawago-daira (Kg) tephra. 4) According to Hori et al. (2019), the First Gravel (=BG) and Nohbi Formations do not appear to date back to about 30 ka. 5) Content ratio of volcanic glass shape in muddy sediments suggests that the Nohbi Formation can be divided into the lower half containing the Aira-Tn tephra (AT) and the upper half without AT. 6) Thickness from the base to K-Ah horizon in the marine clay of Nan-yo Formation represents a period of time between the beginning of marine clay deposition and the K-Ah ash falling. Thicker localities are distributed along the longitudinal axis of Nohbi Plain. These data imply that the deposition of marine clay started from the longitudinal axis. A similar case is seen in the marine clay of the lower part of Atsuta Formation, where thickness from the base to the Nagashima tephra is greater in the east. It is further problem whether this marine clay began to be deposited from the east side.

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A paleontological restoration of the early diverging pinniped, enaliarctine gen. et sp. undet., which was described and identified by Kohno et al. (2021), was presented as a 3D model. The form was reconstructed based on MFM18009 (complete skull, distal half of the left mandible, the atlas, distal half of the left humerus, proximal half of the left ulna, the third metacarpus, thoracic vertebrae and ribs) and restored by the last author’s scientific comments.

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