Biological Sciences in Space

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Seedlings of azuki bean were cultivated under microgravity conditions in space during SSAF2013 program, and then growth, morphology, and the cell wall rigidity of their etiolated epicotyls were analyzed. Epicotyls grown on the ground oriented vertical direction, whereas epicotyls grown in space oriented oblique upward direction away from the cotyledons. The length of epicotyls grown in space was varied, but the proportion of seedlings with larger epicotyls was higher than that of the controls. These results indicate that growth and morphology of epicotyls are modified under microgravity conditions in space. On the other hand, the breaking load of epicotyls was analyzed using a spring balance for determination of the cell wall rigidity of epicotyls. The breaking load of epicotyls grown in space tended to be smaller than that of controls. Also, epicotyls grown in space had resistance to bending than the controls. Thus, microgravity affected the cell wall rigidity of epicotyls. Taken together, azuki bean seedlings performed an automorphogenesis and cell wall modification under microgravity conditions. Under microgravity conditions, where plants need not to resist the gravitational force, the body shape and the cell wall rigidity of stems may be modified.

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Here, we report the features of a novel closed cell culture chamber (DCC) for use in experimental settings in space, and the results of subsequent validation tests. The DCC consists of a basal plate, a film and two medium ports. The basal plate and film are made from clear polystyrene. Oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange is performed through the thin film. The two medium ports are made from silicone in which syringe needles are inserted, and the culture medium is exchanged. The corona discharge treatment is applied on the basal plate to change the nature of the surface depending on the requirements for cell adhesion. Here, cell culture was performed using a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2), a hamster pancreatic β-cell line (HIT-T15) and a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) in both DCCs and regular culture dishes. We confirmed that there were no differences in cell shape, growth rate, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Although the DCC was developed for use in space, it can also be used for cell transportation on the ground.

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