The circadian rhythms of sleep and wakefulness and of rectal temperature were recorded in 20 subjects who spent 2-3 weeks separately in a temporal isolation unit where natural as well as social time cues were eliminated. In all subjects the circadian rhythms free-ran with a period longer than 24 hours, and in 3 subjects the rhythms were internally desynchronized. In 2 subjects the circabidian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness appeared during the course of isolation. Bright lights of 5000 1ux were demonstrated to reset the free-running circadian rhythms and to resyn- chronize the internally desynchronized circadian rhythms. Bright lights had an additional effect on the circabidian rhythm to change the periodicity to circadian. Periodic application of bright lights is strongly recommended to astronauts who spend a relatively long period in space.

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An advanced Research Animal Holding Facility (RAHF) will be required for life Science experiments in the Space Station for the Study of space medicine and biology, etc. Key requirements for the RAHF include double isolation and biocontamination in the Space Station modules. The model developed here, consists of Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS), experimental equipment and a mini-work station. The ECLSS is of fully-enclosed environmental control type. Physiological equipment is a telemetry Physiological Monitoring System (PMS). The mini-work station is used for integrated control of ECLSS and data management of physiological monitoring for the model of basic telescience execution. They have been conducted as mission verification experiments with the model equiped from 1986 to 1988. The experiments are duration feeding tests (for one and two months) in an enclosed environment using golden hamsters. Trace contaminants/odor data, hamster activity data, etc. are collected and analyzed. It was concluded that the fully-enclosed experiments were feasible with the flight model by using succesful waste managing systems.

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From the beginning of the space project to the end of it where the mission is completed, human factors consideration has to be paid to every sector of the developmental and achievement process of the space architecture as well as of the total system where human beings are involved. Human factors, originating from the human life on the earth, have aimed to accomplish a high level of reliability, efficiency, safety and other criterion variables that affect the quality of product, of mission, and of service, which are utilized on the earth. Now we are planning to design a complex system of space facility to be used in the space, where every human function is supposed to be quite different from that on the earth. In the space, some of the combinations of variables which we aim to accomplish might be entirely new for us mainly due to different physical characteristics. Now we need information and knowledges produced not only by any scientific disciplines which directly correspond with the object area. but also by combinations of disciplines, if we want to accomplish the goal. Human sciences, which have supported human factors, have numerous sectors of sciences. They are distributed from molecular biology to sociology in a wide range of spectrum. Therefore, a wide range of all sorts of sectors of human sciences has to be involved in the research on humans in space. Those sciences must cooperatively provide information and knowledges for the human factors design of space architecture and systems to be used in space.

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Water oxidation, which is one of the most hopeful candidate for a waste management system for a CELSS (Closed-Ecological-Life-Support-System) , was classified into four groups based on its temperature and pressure condi- tions, that is, wet-oxidation, catalytic wet-oxidation and supercritical water oxidation (low temperature and high temperature). Advantages and disadvantages of each were reviewed from a CELSS' point of view. And each process proved to have its own issues. In order to overcome them, more efforts to find better operational conditions, better catalysts, better system configulation and so forth are needed. Resarch and development of elements of a water oxidation system such as a high pressure pump, a high pressure compressor, a liquid-solid separator and so on is also urgently needed to initiate for CELSS use.

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In this paper, I introduced the design concept of cold region's facilities as an example of buildings designed for Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. On the design process, careful concern on amenities of isolated wintering life and mental condition of crew are very important. I think,the Antarctic shall be a suitable educational field for the training of crew in the space development projects. Many simulation works will be possible the Antarctic for space development projects.

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Search for the origin of life on the earth is one of the most fascinating and popular subjects in the field of natural sciences at present. We have a big question: where we human came from and how life originated on the earth. Life is not a spectacular miracle but rather a chemical inevitability that is probably occurring elsewhere in the universe. The sun and planets of the earth's solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago and life originated spontaneously in the process of chemical evolution in the range of 4 to 3 billion years ago. Until very recently ribonucleic acid (RNA) was considered to be a passive carrier of information stored in the DNA. The demonstration within the last few Years that RNA can have self-catalytic activities, is changing its image. In particular, recent new results strongly support the hypothesis that RNA, not DNA, was the first carrier of information and had the capacity to replicate itself in the absence of protein enzymes. We have been challenged to solve the riddle of life's origin and succeeded reconstruction of the many events associated with the origin of life on the earth. In this article we summarized our view on the origin of life on the earth, introducing human understanding about the origin of life from ancient times up to the present time and the characteristics of life, and examining the construction of protocellular structures, nucleic acids, and polypeptides under possible primitive earth conditions. In addition, we discussed a RNA world, a key step in the genesis of life, in which RNA self-replicates itself.

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