柔道選手の競技力あるいは競技適性としての基礎体力の重要性は多くの研究者によって主張され,柔道選手の基礎体力の特徴に焦点を合わせた研究は多く報告されてきた。また,柔道選手の心理状態についての要因を明らかにした研究も報告されている。しかし,これまでの先行研究は身体的,心理的な要素を別々に研究した報告であり,我々の知る限りでは,同じ選手にこれらの要素を同時に研究した報告は見当たらない。スポーツに関する多くの医学と心理学の英語の文献では,練習には心理的な効果があるとしてきたが,柔道においてこれらの要素の関連性を調査した研究,報告はないと思われる。
本研究は,柔道の発展と柔道選手の競技力向上に貢献することを目的に,過去の研究が柔道の強化や試合成績と関連して重要だと報告した基礎体力と心理的特性の関連性について,二つの研究から検討を試みたものである。
研究1では,20人のアメリカ人一流柔道選手を対象にして,我々の作成した8要素10項目の基礎体力テストと5種類からなる心理学テストを実施した。また,研究2では12人のアメリカ人一流柔道選手を対象にして,研究1で用いた測定項目とは異なる身体の強さと生理的反応を測ることを目的とした5項目の基礎体力テストと6種類からなる心理テストを実施し,それぞれ基礎体力と心理的特性の関連性を検討した。
二つの研究結果から次の知見が得られた。
1.より基礎体力に優れている選手は,基礎体力が劣っている選手よりも,不安,怒り,疲労をあまり感じることが少なく,自己により自信を持ち,また,より内省的な統制力を持ち,さらに,良い緊張と活気があり,より効果的なストレス対処法を用いている等の心理的特徴が見られた。
2.これらの結果は,柔道の稽古や基礎体力トレーニングを通して生ずる柔道選手の身体的発達は自信の基となる肯定的自己像を生み出す心理的効果があると推察され,今後,柔道選手に対して競技力向上のための指導のみならず,柔道を効果的に指導するための有益な資料になると思われる。

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The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of change of distance of both feet in Chudan-no-Kamae on EMG activity and force output of the lower limb muscle subsequent jump movements of Fumikomi-Asi of Shomen-Datotsu in Kendo.
Results were as follows;
1) As the width of both feet, EMG activity in both left and right m. vastus medialis increased proportionately and that of left m. gastracnemius decreased.
2) As the width of both feet, ground reaction forces of horizontal direction showed a high value.
3) As the width of both feet, jumping distance and time decreased proportionately and impalse increased. From the results, it is suggesting that it might be effective Ashi-Kamae within one foot length between both feet in doing Shomen-Datotsu by range from foot width of the foot width that went after half to the foot width that went before half.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors in the idea of KENDO and lower rank factors regarding intended draws in team-competitions of KENDO. The participants in this study were 1168 high-school KENDO club members and 175 coaches of those clubs.
Factor analysis was used for the extraction of factors in the idea of KENDO, and analysis of variance was used for lower rank factors regarding intended draws in team-competitions of KENDO. The main results were as follows:
1. 13 factors in idea of KENDO held by high-school KENDO club members and their coaches were extracted and identified as“traditionalism”,“additional value”,“victory-oriented principle”,“respecting opponents”,“significance of match”,“strictness”,“group consciousness”, fundamentalism“, practice”,“KATA” (form),“expectation for future path”, “pureness”and“brilliance”.
The main factors were“traditionalism”,“respecting opponents”,“additional value”and“victory-oriented principle”
2. These 4 factors were divided into two different groups according to idea of KENDO: group 1(“traditionalism”and“respecting opponents”) and group 2 (“additional value”and“victory-oriented principle”).
3. As the skill level of KENDO goes up, higher points were given to“traditionalism”,“additional value”and“victory-oriented principle”, but lower points were given to“respecting opponents”.4. The two factors,“additional value”and“victory-oriented principle”were directly related to the factors of intended draws.5. The lower rank factors of“additional value”and“victory-oriented principle”were high-school students' idea of KENDO matches as a sport and coaches' idea of KENDO.

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The purpose of this study is to reveal the degree of individual motional difference and to discover the situations and parts of the body where there appears motional difference and to gain basic hints in instructing Shomen-Striking-Motion, as well as to discover implicit motional process common in Shomen-Striking-Motion of a Kendo player and to establish a model of standard Shomen-Striking-Motion by analyzing Kendo Shomen-Striking-Motion using 3-D Motion Analysis Method.
The subjects of the study were sixteen males (age: 24.6±5.8years old, Kendo experience: 16.2±5.2years, ranks in Kendo: 4.0±1.3 dan, height: 174.9±6.0 cm, weight: 76.0±8.0 kg) consisting of the current students and the graduates of a university where is a specialized Kendo course.
Videotaping of Shomen-Striking-Motion of the subjects was done by using two high-speed VTRs from diagonally to the right-front and left-front of the subjects with shooting speed of 250 frames per second and the shutter speed of 1/2000 second.3-D coordinates in 29 points were calculated in total with the use of DLT (Direct Linear Transformation) Method, consisting of 25 segment endpoints of a subject and 4 measuring points of Shinai.
The Shomen-Striking-Motion were divided into two phases in this study; Back-Swing phase (BS phase) which is from the starting time until the ending time of Shinai to be lifted up and Forward Swing phase (FS phase) which is from the starting time until the ending time of Shinai to be struck down. Then,3-D coordinates and angle data of each subject were standardized with phase time being 100%, and the data were averaged per 1% of standard time accordig to the method of Ae et al. Coefficients of variation were calculated to compare standard deviation of each joint angle that was averaged.
The following are the acquired conclusions from this study.
(1) 3-D model of the standard Shomen-Striking-Motion was acquired that shows implicit motional process common in Kendo players through standardizing and averaging all the coordinate data of sixteen subjects.
(2) The standard motion of each joint of Kendo players in fifteen points was exhibited through standardizing and averaging the changes of joint angle of all the subjects. Simultaneously situations that have large and small individual motional difference were observed from the standard deviation.
(3) The parts were revealed where there is large individual motional difference by calculating coefficients of variation in the standard deviation of joint angles.

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The concept of the sword is of great importance to the culture of Japan. Swords with one-edged blades are referred to as “Katana”, while those with double-edged blades are known as“ken”(double-edged sword); however, in the realm of Budo the concept of the sword is of the greatest importance. In the study of Budo arts, it is necessary to focus solely on the conception of the“double-edged sword”. This research is considered to be the first step, and is therefore limited to the ancient period, focusing on the genealogy and the unique features of the“concept of the double-edged sword”in the East Asian cultures of China and Japan.
The results of the research are summarized as the following:
In the Shunjuu period of ancient China, in the Go and Etsu region, the double-edged sword was believed to ward off wicked evils. It is believed that during this period the concept of the double-edged sword as a divine entity first originated. The“concept of the double-edged sword”during this period was to view the double-edged sword not only for its practical usage as a weapon, but more importantly as a divine entity. From the Taoist Han period, the sword was believed to hold sorcery-like enchanted powers to ward off evils. Furthermore, in the primitive ideology of the ancient Japanese, the double-edged sword was also believed to ward off wicked evils. Accordingly, the idea of the double-edged sword as an enchanted entity originated in ancient China, which than carried forward to Japan. Therefore, the elemest of greatest significance in this research is the origination of the“concept of the double-edged sword”from the ancient beliefs of the double-edged sword as a enchanted entity.
The belief that the double-edged sword will ward off evils can be attributed to the ability of the double-edged sword to incorporate the conflicting concepts into a single representation. Then, it may be asked, why must it involve the“ double-edged sword?”This author believes that the answer lies in the appearance of the sword. Particularly in ancient Japan, it is believed that the appearance of the double-edged sword commanded great symbolic importance.

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