The purpose of this study is to research about the usage of a symbol of Geom “劔” in the books of Korean martial arts which was written in Choson Yi dynasty, and to mention about that the background of the usage in Korea. There are two types of symbols to describe a sword. One of them is Geom “劔” that means as a sword with double edges. Another one is Do “刀” that means as a sword with a single edge. We focused on it and analyzed the descriptions in the books. We also researched about the background of these issues and found some of circumstances in the Korean history. The conclusions of this study are as below.
1. Some of the techniques of a sword with a single edge in the books of Korean martial arts were taken from the book named Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu “紀效新書” that was written in Ming dynasty China. To describe the techniques of a sword with a single edge, the symbol of Do “刀” was used in the Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu in Ming dynasty China; however, the same kind of techniques were described with the symbol of Geom“劔” in the Korean martial arts books. Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu was also published in Choson Yi dynasty, then the technique of a sword with a single edge was described with the symbol of Geom “劔”.
2. Mye-jebo “武藝諸譜” is one of the books of Korean martial arts. The usage of a symble of Geom “劔” in Mye-jobo effected to the usages in the other Korean martial arts books.
3. The usage of the symbol of Geom “劔” for a sword with a single edge was found in some of books about Korean courtesy rituals that were written in the middle of the 15th century.
4. A single edged sword called Geom “劔” was wore in the early times of Korean courtesy rituals. We think that the custom influenced the usage of a symbol of Geom “劔” in the books of Korean martial arts.
5. We also think that some of the traditional idea that was related to the symbol of Geom “劔” in Tang, Sung China, and ancient Korea influenced the usage of a symbol of Geom “劔” in the books of Korean martial arts.

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The present study aimed to examine the activity levels of quadriceps femoris muscle during Uchikomi movement (a practice for throwing) of Seoi-Nage (shoulder throw) in college judo players and would be effective for elementary school judo players with low muscle strength as a resistance exercise for the quadriceps femoris. The subjects were six male members of the college Judo Club. In this study, electromyogram (EMG) were obtained from college judo players who could correctly repeated the Uchikomi movement to precisely estimate the level of muscle activity in the quadriceps femoris during individual tasks. The EMG activities of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during Uchikomi movement of Seoi-Nage, Osoto-Gari (outer leg reap), and body mass-based parallel squat task as well as isometric maximal voluntary knee extension were recorded. The rectified EMG signals during the Uchikomi movement and squat tasks were averaged and normalized as the relative value (%EMGmax) to that during isometric maximal voluntary knee extension task. The %EMGmax values for RF and VL were averaged and used as an index representing the level of muscular activities of quadriceps femoris (QF %EMGmax) during the task movements. As a result, the QF %EMGmax during Seoi-Nage, Osoto-Gari, and parallel squat were 43.2 ± 14.8%, 25.5 ± 10.3%, and 28.6 ± 7.1%, respectively. The QF %EMGmax in the Seoi-Nage was significantly higher than in the parallel squat and in the Osoto-Gari (P < 0.05). This result demonstrate that the activity levels of quadriceps femoris during Seoi-Nage was approximate 1.5 times that during parallel squat; a general resistance exercise of the leg. The current results indicate that the Uchikomi movement of Seoi-Nage would be a resistance exercise that could strengthen the quadriceps femoris equally or more than body-mass based parallel squat in college judo players. And it may be applied to elementary school judo players with low muscle strength.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between isokinetic trunk strength and competitive ability in collegiate heavyweight judoka (judo athletes). Twenty-five male collegiate judoka in the heavyweight category participated in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups of high, middle and low competitive ability, as determined by the five coaches of the judo teams to which the subjects belong and by a former All Japan Judo Federation coach. We measured the peak torque during trunk extension and flexion using the CYBEX 770-Norm dynamometer system. Peak torque was measured at angle velocities of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 degree/s.
The following results were obtained.
1) The rank correlation coefficient between trunk extension torque at 120 degree/s and competitive ability was 0.762 (P < 0.05) in the high-ranking group.
2) The rank correlation coefficient between trunk extension torque at 150 degree/s and competitive ability was 0.905 (P < 0.01) in the high-ranking group.
These results suggest that demonstrating trunk extension strength during rapid movement relates to competitive ability in collegiate heavyweight judoka with higher competitive ability. We consider that enhancing trunk extension strength during rapid movement is effective in strengthening competitive ability in collegiate heavyweight judoka with higher competitive ability.

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