BUNSEKI KAGAKU
Print ISSN : 0525-1931
Volume 30, Issue 10
Displaying 1-20 of 20 articles from this issue
  • Toshiko SHIOIRI, Shinzo TANABE, Toshio IMANARI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 631-634
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) for Fe(III) in the presence of Fe(II) was established and applied to the assay of ferroxidase in rabbit serum. Fe(III) was separated on the strong anion exchange resin column (TSK-gel LS-222, 3 mm i.d.×100 mm) with 0.1 M sulfuric acid containing 30 % (v/v) acetonitrile as an eluent. The sulfato complex of Fe(III) in the effluent was detected at 310 nm, and the retention time of Fe(III) was 2.4 min when the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min under the conditions described above. The determination range of Fe(III) was (0.510) nmol, and the precision of the present method was satisfactory with a coefficient of variation of 3.4 % for six determinations of 1 nmol of Fe(III). Procedure for ferroxidase assay was as follows : A mixture of 10 μl of serum and 300 μl of 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 6.0) in a micro test tube (1.5 ml) was pre-incubated for 3 min at (30±0.1) °C. After adding 10 μl of 3.6 mM Fe(II) aqueous solution, the reaction mixture was incubated for 10 min at (30±0.1)°C, and then the reaction was stopped by adding 200 μl of 12.5 % trichloroacetic acid. After 10 min, the mixture was centrifuged and Fe(III) in the supernatant solution was determined by HPLC. The enzyme activity in rabbit serum was (0.16+0.01) μmol Fe(III)/min/ml (mean±s.d.).
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  • Mikihiko SAITO, Daikichi HORIGUCHI, Kenyu KINA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 635-639
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Eight water-soluble derivatives of nitrosophenol were synthesized and their analytical applications have been investigated. The reagents were prepared through the N-sulfoalkylation of N-alkyl-m-aminophenols with propanesultone, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid, or 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, followed by the nitrosation with butyl nitrite. They are yellow to brown crystalline powder and very soluble in water. The acidic aqueous solutions are stable at least in one month. Each reagent reacts with iron (II) to form an intense green, water-soluble complex in a wide range of acidity (weakly acidic to alkaline). Among the reagents obtained 2-nitroso-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamino) phenol (Nitroso-PSAP) having 4.5×104 dm3 mol-1 cm-1 of molar absorptivity at 756 nm was most sensitive. The composition of the iron(II) complex was found to be 1 : 4 (Fe:reagent) by molar ratio method. To a sample solution (containing up to 25μg of iron), 2 ml of 0.1 M solution of ascorbic acid, 5 ml of 1×10-3 M solution of Nitroso-PSAP in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, and 5 ml of 2 M solution of ammonium acetate were added and then diluted to 50 ml with water. The absorbance at 756 nm was measured against a reagent blank. Beer's law was obeyed from 2×10-7 M to 1×10-4 M of iron. The coefficient of variation for five determinations was 1.2 % for 1×10-5 M of iron. Equimolar amounts of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Al(III), and Ca(II) did not interefere.
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  • Kunihiro WATANABE, Hideyuki YOSHIZAWA, Kyozo KAWAGAKI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 640-645
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    For the fluorimetric and spectrophotometric determination of aluminum, the extraction-methods of aluminum complexes with 2, 2'-dihydroxyazobenzene (DHAB) were studied. The aluminum complex, which was extracted into tributylphosphate(TBP) from an aqueous solution in the range of pH 6.26.4, had an excitation maximum at 485 nm, and a fluorescence maximum at 583 nm. By the use of 0.11 μg/ml or 1 μg/ml Rhodamine B solution as a setting reagent, (0.0055)μg of aluminum in 10 ml of TBP was determined. The coefficient of the variation was 10 % for 0.005 μg of aluminum. The extractability of the complex from 50 ml of an aqueous solution into 10 ml of TBP was 97 %. Fluorescence quantum efficiency was 0.50 for Al-DHAB complex in TBP. By using the continuous variation method fluorimetrically for the Al-DHAB complex, the molar ratio of Al to DHAB was found to be 1 : 1. Cobalt, copper, chromium and others, which interfere with the fluorimetric determination of aluminum, were masked with thioglycollic acid and potassium cyanide. For the spectrophotometric determination of aluminum, Al-DHAB complex was extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone(MIBK) in the range of pH 8.810.6. The composition of the complex was confirmed to be Al : DHAB=1 : 2. The absorbance maximum of the complex in MIBK was found to appear at 522 nm with molar extinction coefficient of 3.7×104l mol-1 cm-1. Under optinum conditions, absorbance follows Beer's law up to 20 Rg Al in 10 ml of MIBK.
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  • Ken-ichi KUSUNOKI, Kiyoshi MITARAI, Toshiko ASANO
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 646-651
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Phenolic compounds (phenolics) in water were determined by using a combined gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Phenolics investigated were phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, guaiacol, o-chlorophenol, p-chlorophenol, 2, 4-dichlorophenol, 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenol and 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol. After preliminary extraction with hexane for removal of interfering substances in GC/MS, phenolics in 100 ml of water were extracted with benzene twice. The benzene extract was concentrated to a volume of 5 ml by using a Kuderna-Danish concentrator. The concentrated benzene was injected to GC/MS. The chromatographic conditions are as follows: column packing, 5 % DEGS plus 0.5 % phosphoric acid on Chromosorb W (60/80 mesh); column size, 3 mm i.d.×2 m glass column; column temperature, 185°C for p-chlorophenol and trichlorophenols and 160°C for the other phenolics; carrier gas, helium; flow rate, 30 ml/min. The selected fragments of phenol, cresols, guaiacol, chlorophenols, 2, 4-dichlorophenol and trichlorophenols are m/z 94, 108, 124, 128, 162 and 196, respectively. Limits of quantitation for cresols and the other phenolics were 2μg/l and 0.5μg/l, respectively. Recoveries of this method were 90 % to 100 %.
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  • Hidehiko MORI, Yoshikazu FUJIMURA, Yoshinobu TAKEGAMI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 652-656
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Bis(2, 4-diaminophenyl) phosphonate(APP) was synthesized and fundamental conditions for the determination of chromium(VI) based on the oxidation of APP with chromium(VI) were investigated. The oxidation of APP with chromium(VI) takes place quantitatively in aqueous solution at pH 3.04.5 and below pH 2, and Beer's law holds for (20400) ml of chromium at either pH range. Although the sensitivity at pH 3.04.5 is higher than that observed below pH 2, certain kinds of reductants and oxidants, like as sulfite, copper(II), and iron(III), interfered seriously with the chromium determination at this pH range. Below pH 2, on the other hand, the determination of 1.92×10-5 mol dm-3 chromium(VI) was not interfered by the foregoing ions up to the following concentrations; sulfite (0.62×10-5 mol dm-3), copper(II) (1.57×10-4 mol dm-3) and iron(III) (0.89×10-5 mol dm-3). The oxidation product at pH 3.04.5 shows an absorption maximum at 465 nm with molar absorptivity of 6.5×103mol-1 dm3 cm-1 and, hence, Sandell's sensitivity for the absorbance of 0.001 is 7.97×10-3 μg cm-2. The oxidation product below pH 2 shows an absorption maximum at 500 nm with molar absorptivity of 3.85×103 mol-1 dm3 cm-1. Sandell's sensitivity for the absorbance is 1.34 ×10-2μg cm-2.
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  • Hiroaki KUBO, Kimiko TSUTSUMI, Toshio KINOSHITA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 656-660
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A simple and rapid method for determination of serum prednisolone was established by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. A micro pretreatment column packed with about 200 mg of Extrelut® (Merck) was devised for the extraction of prednisolone from serum. Serum (200μl) was placed on the column and eluted with 1.0 ml of dichloromethane. This eluate was evaporated to dryness under N2 gas at room temperature. The residue was dissolved with 50μl of 30 % tetrahydrofuran and 40μl aliquots of the solution were injected into the high performance liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic conditions were as followed: column; Waters RCSS A-cartridge (8 mm i.d.×100 mm); detector, UV-254 nm; mobile phase, 30 % tetrahydrofuran containing 0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 3.0); flow rate, 1.0 ml/min; internal standard, betamethasone. The retention times for prednisolone and betamethasone were 9 min and 15 min, respectively, and all operations were completed within 35 min. A calibration curve was linear in the range from 20 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml. The recovery of added prednisolone was 92.7 %. Coefficient of variation was less than 3 % (n=6). The present study provided rapid and simple method for the assay of serum prednisolone without interference such as hydrocortisone.
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  • Kazuhiko TANAKA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 661-666
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The ion-exclusion chromatography(IEC) with a cation exchange resin(H+-form) using methanol-water mixture as an eluent was investigated for the simultaneous determination of NO3-and NO2- in biological nitrification-denitrification process water. Either of NO3- and NO2- eluted from the column were monitored by a ultraviolet spectrophotometric detector operated at 210 nm without any interferences by diverse anions such as Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, and HCO3-. The retention volume of NO2- increased with increasing the concentration of methanol in the eluent. Whereas, the retention volume of NO3- did not vary, and corresponded to the column void volume. The peak resolution between NO3- and NO2- in the IEC separation was markedly improved when methanol-water mixture was employed as the eluent. This result indicates that NO2- penetrate into the resin phase, but NO3- is excluded completely from the resin phase based on the Donnan membrane equilibrium. Quantitative separation of NO3- and NO2- was accomplished within 5 min by elution with 20 % (v/v) methanol-water mixture at the column temperature of 30°C using a short column(9 mm i.d.×100 mm). The calibration graphs for NO3- and NO2- by this elution were linear over the concentration range (120) ppm of each ion. The agreement of analytical results between the present method and the conventional colorimetry was excellent for all samples actually examined.
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  • Hisao KOJIMA, Eiichi KITAZUME, Fumio NAGATA, Masayoshi EZAWA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 667-672
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The composition of bubble garnet films {(YSmLuCa)3(FeGe)5O12} formed on gadolinium-gallium-garnet substrate was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The emission intensity of calcium, germanium, iron, lutetium, samarium and yttrium decreased in the presence of phosphoric acid used for sample dissolution, while optimum observation height and lateral position of plasma were not affected. It was found that the emission intensity decreased with increase in the sample viscosity or decrease in the uptake rate of the sample. To suppress the interferences of phosphoric acid and coexisting elements the additions of organic solvents and an internal standard were examined, respectively: the latter was more effective. The interference from phosphoric acid could be suppressed to about one third using the internal standard(Zn, 8μg/ml) at a concentration of 10 vol % of phosphoric acid. The matrix effects from other elements could be also eliminated to about half. When the analyte concentration is nearly equal to the standard concentration, the accuracy is within 1 %. However, it deteriorates as the difference between the concentrations increased. Relative standard deviation(n=10) is less than 2 % for the simultaneous determination of six elements. This procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of trace elements in the magnetic films.
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  • Hideko KOSHIMA, Hiroshi ONISHI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 672-677
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to find solutions that desorb mercury from activated carbon, the solutions that give poor collection recoveries were first sought. One to 100 ng of mercury was collected with 100 mg of activated carbon from 100 ml of various solutions containing acids, sodium hydroxide, oxidizing agents, complexing agents or organic solvents miscible with water. Mercury in solution or activated carbon was then determined by reduction-aeration atomic absorption or by combustion, trapping on gold and elelctrothermal atomic absorption. Recoveries of mercury from solutions containing oxidizing agents were generally low; 4 % for 8 M HNO3 (ref.2) and 1.8 M HNO3-0.05 % K2Cr2O7 (ref.1), 6 % for 2.4 M HNO3-0.05 % KMnO4, 27 % for 1.1 % (NH4)2S2O8, and 11 % for 15 % H2O2. After collection from 100 ml of 0.1 M HNO3-10 mg/l L-cysteine solution, mercury was next desorbed by treating carbon with two 10 ml-portions of oxidizing solutions or other solutions. When 8 M HNO3 was used as a desorbing solution, mercury(II) and methylmercury were desorbed nearly quantitatively. On the other hand, 16 % of mercury(II) and 95 % of methylmercury were desorbed by using 0.1 M HNO3-95 v/v % acetone. This finding was utilized for the determination of mercury(II) and methylmercury in wastewater. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by benzene extraction-gas chromatography.
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  • Yasuhiro SANADA, Tatsuo AKIYAMA, Eiji NIKI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 678-679
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fabrication of a solid membrane type sodium ionselective electrode based on ion-implanted alumina wafer and its characteristics are described. Alumina wafer had the thickness of 100μm and the diameter of 1.40 cm. Ion-selective membrane, was fabricated that Li+, Si+ was implanted on the both side of single crystal alumina wafer. The total dose of Li+, Si+ was the same, viz., 1014/cm2. The response curve had the slope of 42 mV/pNa in the concentration range (10010-4) mol/l. The full response was achieved after ca. 1 min, and the response was reproducible.
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  • Itsuo MORI, Yoshikazu FUJITA, Kimiko SAKAGUCHI, Tomoko TSUBONE
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 679-682
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A rapid and simple method for the spectrophotometric determination of micro amounts of quinine sulfate with pyrogallol red(PR) and molybdenum(VI) in the presence of polyoxyethylenesorbitanmonolaurate (LT-221) at pH 4.5 was established. The calibration curve for the spectrophotometric determination was linear in the range of 01.12 mg quinine sulfate/10 ml. The sensitivity was 0.082μg quinine sulfate/ml for absorbance of 0.001. The recommended analytical procedure is as follows. A sample solution containing less than 1.12 mg of quinine sulfate is taken in a 10 ml measuring flask, and 1.0 ml of 5.0×10-4 M molybdenum(VI), 0.5 ml of 2.0 % LT-221 solution and 0.5 ml of 1.0×10-3 M PR solution are added, and then the resulting solution is adjusted to pH 4.5 with Walpole acetate buffer solution. The content is diluted to the mark with water, kept at (2025)°C for 50 min, and the absorbance of the PR-molyb-denum(VI)-quinine sulfate solution(A solution) is measured at 610 nm against PR-molybdenum(VI) solution (B solution). The effect of foreign substances on the absorbance were examined. Aluminum(III), iron(III) and chromium(VI) interfered, but could be masked by the addition of sodium fluoride or EDTA solution.
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  • Application to the assay for hydrogen peroxide in methanol solution
    Chiyo MATSUBARA, Kiyoko TAKAMURA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 682-684
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Ti-RAR reagent {a mixture of titanium(IV) and 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol} was found to be very useful for the spectrophotometric determination of traces of hydrogen peroxide in methanol-water solution. The absorbances at 520 nm was proportional to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in (6090) % methanol-water when [PAR]/[Ti(IV)]=3/4 and 2 M NH3-NH4Cl buffer was added. The method was applicable to the determination of hydrogen peroxide in the concentration range of 3×10-7 M to 5× 10-5 M with a molar absorptivity of 3.6×104 cm-1 M-1. The use of methanol made it possible to apply the method to the biological and food samples in proteinic emulsion.
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  • Kamihiko ITSUKI, Tomonari IKEDA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 684-687
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An application of atomic absorption spectrometry using graphite furnace for the determination of minute amounts of antimony and arsenic has been developed from our method for tin which was reported in a previous paper. For the atomization, nitric acid solution are preferable and they should be free from hydrochloric and sulfuric acid. Interferences induced potentially by aluminum, antimony, chromium, iron, selenium, tellurium, tin and zinc could be prevented by an addition of 2000 ppm lanthanum nitrate. Less than 12 μg of antimony and arsenic were coprecipitated with 10 mg of lanthanum and 1 mg of iron from an aqueous ammonia solution in order to separate them from unexpected interfering materials befor the determination. The method is applied to the analysis of antimony and arsenic in copper metals.
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  • Akira OTSUKI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages 688-689
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A simple and rapid procedure is presented for routine analysis of total nitrogen in environmental water samples. IC involves alkaline persulfate digestion and ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of nitrate produced. Twenty ml samples are taken into 30 ml Teflon bottles, and the bottles are closed with caps after addition of 3 ml of 6 %(w/v) potassium persulfate in 1.5 M sodium hydroxide solution. After autoclaving at 121°C for 30 min, samples are filtered if necessary and acidified by adding 1 ml 3.5 M hydrochloric acid. The absorbance at 220 nm or 230 nm, depending upon the concentration of total nitrogen and the presence of interfering substances, is measured against the reagent blank using 1 cm quartz cuvettes. The calibration curves of nitrate follow Beer's law up to 2 mg N/l at 220 nm and 10 mg N/l at 230 nm. Minimum detectable concentration is 0.05 mg N/l. When ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was applied to the determination of total nitrate after digestion, there would be no interference by organic compounds.
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  • Fritz UMLAND, Egon SCHUMACHER
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages S1-S10
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Indicator-electrodes show polarization-effects according to surface quality due to adsorption. The combination of two identical but differently surface-treated electrodes (APE arrangement) indicates endpoints of titrations by characteristic signals. The fundamentals and application examples for precipitation- and redox-titrations will be described. By exploitation of capacitive effects, furthermore, ions like SO42- and PO43- can be indicated which otherwise are hardly accessible electrometrically. Also catalytic effects of adsorbed layers can be utilized, e.g. in complexometry. Special advantages of the APE method are: a diaphragm is not necessary, therefore direct serviceable in mixed solvents; adsorptive enrichment of the measuring ions; high indication exactness; simple measuring pattern.
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  • Hiroshi ONISHI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages S11-S18
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This article or minireview is based on the author's Gakkaisho address delivered at the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, Fukuoka-shi, October, 1980. It contains fntroduction, Photometric analysis (nomenclature, historical aspects, types of color reactions, and books), Analysis of geochemical samples - comparison of results, Rhodamine B, Arsenazo III, and Future of photometric analysis.
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  • Masayo MUROZUMI
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages S19-S26
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Isotope dilution surface ionization mass spectrometry has been developed and applied to the determinations of alkalies, alkaline earth elements and heavy metals in environmental materials. The spiked sample is treated to reach the isotopic equilibrium in a mixture of acids at low temperature under pressure. The mass spectrometries for alkalies and alkaline earth elements are performed by applying the digest to a rhenium ionization filament, while heavy metals are determined after they have been transformed to the nitrates. By using a composite spike solution, concentrations of several elements are determined simultaneously. The present method can measure ng amounts of elements with an error of 1%.
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  • Kazuyoshi TAKIYAMA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages S27-S35
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The precipitation was investigated by electron microscopy to reveal the mechanism of precipitation and coprecipitation. The precipitate was initiated from the embryo constructed with a few ions or molecules and steady crystal growth started from the nucleus whose size corresponded to the classical theory. The particles were amorphous at first and the distinct crystal structure appeared after nucleation. The crystals grew generally through the simple growth, the change of crystal habit and the crystal transformation. The coprecipitation was classified as formations of a solid solution, a partially solid solution, a mixed crystal, an ion exchange adsorption and a crystal transformation.
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  • Tadashi YAMAMOTO, Makoto YAMAKAWA
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages T93-T97
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to determine the conditions optimum for the separation of several organic acids by isotachophoresis, the relative effective mobilities of the acids were measured. An IP-1B isotachophoretic analyzer equipped with a potential gradient-detector and a UV-detector was used. The acids chosen for this study were tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates; pyruvate, citrate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate, fumarate, malate, lactate, acetate, and phosphate. Their relative effective mobilities were determined by measuring the inverse relative mobility and the potential unit value which were affected by pH, solvents and complex ions of the leading electrolyte. The results were as follows: The optimum pH of the leading electrolyte was 3.2 or 3.6 and optimum solvent was 40 % acetone. The addition of cations to the electrolyte caused an incomplete separation. However, the addition of Cu2+ and Fe3+ gave UV-absorbance of the mixture, indicating that this procedure was useful for UV-spectrophotometry of the non-UV-absorbing acids. After all, use of a mixture of 0.01 M HCl, β-alanine (pH 3.2), and 40 % acetone as leading electrolyte and 0.01 M hexanoic acid as terminating electrolyte gave the most clear separation of the acids.
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  • Hisako NAKAOKA, Fumiaki UMOTO, Mitsuo KASANO, Norihiro IKEDA, Kunitosh ...
    1981 Volume 30 Issue 10 Pages T97-T101
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An application of ion chromatography(IC) to the determination of F-, Cl- and Br- in mineral spring water has been studied. In IC method, the calibration curves constructed as peak height vs. concentration were linear over wide concentration ranges of fluoride, chloride and bromide, and the simultaneous analyses of samples of various concentrations could be done with the same calibration curves by changing the attenuator of detector. Simulated twenty samples of mineral spring water were prepared and analyzed for fluoride, chloride and bromide by IC method. The results were compared with those obtained by the following methods : spectrophotometric method with lanthanum-alizarine-comprexon(LAC) and ion electrode method(IE) for fluoride; argentmetric (Mohr's) method(M) for chloride; sodium hypochlorite oxidation-iodometric method(SH) for bromide. The values of correlation coefficients(r) between each two method were as follows : for F-, r=0.9985(IC-IE) and r=0.9966(IC-LAC); for Cl-, r=0.9969(IC-M); for Br-, r=0.9726(IC-SH). The IC method is simple, rapid and very sensitive and can be satisfactorily applied to the analysis of mineral spring water.
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