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Volume 31, Issue 3
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
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Masatoshi MIYAMOTO, Osamu NARA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 109-114
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn automatic solid-liquid extraction-recrystallization apparatus was developed for rapid extraction and for automatic recrystallization. The recrystallization assembly (Fig. 1) can be converted into an extraction assembly by replacing the flask and the heater with ordinary ones. A filter paper thimble is placed firmly between the filter plug and socket by pressing the plug on which the thimble has been placed. Contents in the extraction chamber are heated by solvent vapour and stirred to increase extraction efficiency remarkably. The circulation of a solvent in the present extractor was faster than in an ordinary Soxhlet one because of the virtical and thick vapor duct of the former. The use of fire-polished precision joints resulted in so leak-tight that the apparatus can well afford a long run without supplement of the solvent. None of bumping or overheating crystals separated takes place during the run. The apparatus performes extraction with much greater rapidity and more effective filteration than the Soxhlet one does. It also enables automatic recrystallization from widely selected solvents in a substantially closed system without such troubles as those met in manual procedures, and effective purification and high recovery can be expected. The apparatus is useful especially for the recrystallization of slightly soluble or photodegradative compounds. It is simple, durable and easy to be cleaned.View full abstractDownload PDF (1928K) -
Determination of anionic surfactants by high-performance liquid chromatography. IIAkiko UTSUNOMIYA, Tatsuo IKEDA, Kazuyuki TAKAMATSU, Syoji NAITO1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 115-120
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSodium alkylsulfates (AS) were hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, and the resulted alcohols were extracted into benzene, followed by conversion to 3, 5-dinitrobenzoate derivatives (R-DNB). The derivatization to R-DNB was carried out as follows. A slightly excess of 3, 5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride and a few drops of triethylamine were added to the benzene solution of the alcohols. The mixture was heated at 85°C for 1 h, and then the reactant was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and dissolved with (12) ml of anhydrous benzene as samples for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The yield of dodecyl 3, 5-dinitrobenzoate derived from sodium dodecylsulfate was around 92 %. The separation and determination of R-DNB were investigated by HPLC using two different types of reversed phase columns : Shimadzu gel Permaphase-ODS and Shimadzu PCH-05. It was found that PCH-05 has the following advantages over Permaphase-ODS. i) The calibration curve for dodecyl 3, 5-dinitrobenzoate was linear within a range of (0.0250.5) μg/5μl (injection volume). ii) R-DNB having C10-C18 alkyl chains were separated to each other according to their alkyl chain lengths. iii) Their iso-isomers were not separated. iv) R-DNB having C12-C15 alkyl chains in samples of river water and detergent were separated and determined without interference of benzene. Recommended conditions for HPLC were as follows: column, Shimadzu PCH-05 (4 mm i. d. × 250 mm) ; mobile phase, water-methanol (18 : 82) ; flow rate, 0.8 ml/min; column temperature, ambient; detector, UV 235 nm.View full abstractDownload PDF (864K) -
Kazuo IMAEDA, Keiko OHSAWA, Takashi YOKOTA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 120-124
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of squalene on mutagenicity of carcinogens by examining the relation between the oxygen uptake of squalene containing 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) or 3, 4-benzo (α) pyrene {B (α) P} under ultraviolet irradiation and the results of Ames assay. MC and B (α) P were added to squalene at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.01%, respectively, and the mixtures were used as test samples. The oxygen uptake of a test sample was determined in an absorption cell under an oxygen atmosphere at 37°C by 10-W UV light irradiation from a distance of 15cm. Ames assay and direct determination of oxygen were carried out on the other test samples. As a result, squalene itself was found to be unstable for absorption of oxygen with ease and to have no mutagenicity. However, the mutagenicity of MC or B (α)P added to squalene diminished as time passed for absorption of oxygen by squalene. The rate of disappearance of the mutagenicity became faster by the addition of a pro-oxidant and slower by an antioxidant.View full abstractDownload PDF (637K) -
Kazuyoshi FURUSHIMA, Mutsuaki SHINAGAWA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 125-129
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe focusing chromatography of II, III group metals were carried out by using 0.01 M hydrochloric acid in the positive electrode cell, and 0.0025 M ammonium sulfide (pH 11.4), 0.001 M sodium sulfide (pH 11.9), 0.0125 M ammonium hydroxide (pH 11.0) or 0.01 M sodium hydroxide (pH 11.7) in the negative electrode cell. The optimum conditions for the separation of metal ions were 1000 V/30 cm of the field intensity 30 and min for the duration of migration. A linear relation between antilogarithms of solubility product (log pKs) and positon of migration was found.View full abstractDownload PDF (844K) -
Yoshifumi HARADA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 130-134
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, and Cr) in high-purity aluminum (99.99 %) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. To avoid the interference of aluminum, the separation of the elements from aluminum was investigated by the coprecipitation method with nickel hydroxide. Nickel ion was not only excellent as the coprecipitation agent, but effective to enhance the decomposition of high-purity aluminum. The following procedure is recommended: Heat and decompose 1.00 g of aluminum together with 20 ml of 6 M hydrochloric acid and 2 ml of nickel chloride solution (Ni : 2 mg/ml). Add 3 ml of 7 M nitric acid, heat to oxidize reduced nickel and impurities and evaporate to a syrup. Dissolve the salts with water and dilute to 100 ml. Add 5 M sodium hydroxide solution (32 ml) while stirring magnetically until aluminum hydroxide is redissolved. Separate the precipitate of nickel hydroxide by filteration and dissolve it with dilute hydrochloric acid. Transfer the solution into a 25-ml volumetric flask. Add 1 ml of strontium chloride solution (Sr : 50 mg/ml) for suppression of interferences and dilute to the mark with water. Run a blank by using definite amounts of the reagents. Determine the analyte elements in the sample and blank solutions by atomic absorption spectrometry. The coefficients of variation for the elements in about (150) ppm are all below 10%. This method is very simple, rapid, and highly sensitive, and suitable for the determination of the elements in the (1100) ppm range in aluminum.View full abstractDownload PDF (692K) -
Takashi KORENAGA, Hisayoshi IKATSU1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 135-141
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA fully automated system has been developed for the continuous determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in aqueous environmental samples by flow injection analysis (FIA). Both of a 1 mM potassium permanganate solution and 10% sulfuric acid solution containing 20% phosphoric acid are separately pumped up with a double reciprocating micro-pump at respective flow rates of 0.2 ml min-1 and merged into a carrier stream. A 30μl of sample is injected into the flow of acid solution with an automatic sampling valve at an interval of 8 min and then mixed with the carrier solutions. The mixture is passed through a reaction manifold made of polytetrafluoroethylene tubing (0.5 mm i. d.×50m), which is immersed in a thermostated bath involving corn oil at 100°C. After reaction, the resulting solution is led into a spectrophotometric detection at 525 nm and COD values with this method are determined by using peak heights inthe recordings. The FIA system is simple and has the following advantages; (i) quantities of reagents and waste are small, (ii) continuous monitoring is possible since (78) samples are analyzed for an hour, and (iii) chloride ion up to 200 mg l-1 does not interfere with the determination. The system was successfully applied to the COD measurements of various industrial waste water samples, and to the continuous monitoring of COD in waste water from laboratory of university.View full abstractDownload PDF (1204K) -
Ken MATSUMOTO, Manabu NISHIO, Yukari MISAKI, Kikuo TERADA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 141-145
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA finely ground sample (SnO2, Sb2O3, Bi2O3, soils, ores, sediments and ashes of biological materials) was accurately weighed and placed in a simple decomposition tube (Pyrex glass, 15 mm o. d., 45 mm length) together with an excess amount of ammonium iodide and a small piece of platinum wire as a catalyst. The tube was attached to the cold trap (Pyrex glass, 20 mm o. d., 330 mm length) with the aid of hooks made on the wall of both tubes. While rotating, the bottom of the decomposition tube was gently heated with a small flame of the fish-tail burner for about one minute. The sublimates containing tin, antimony and bismuth iodides were condensed on the lower part of the inside wall of the cold trap. When the evolution of iodine ceased, the tube was removed from the flame and allowed to cool. The cold trap was detached from the decomposition tube and sublimates on the tube were completely dissolved in 20 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid. The solution was collected into a 25 ml volumetric flask and made to the volume with 2 M hydrochloric acid. If further dilution is necessary, use of 2 M hydrochloric acid is preferable. Finally, the concentrations of tin, antimony and bismuth were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry at the 224.6 nm, 306.7 nm and 217.6 nm lines, respectively. The three metals did not interfere with each other in the atomic absorption measurement of each metal. Low contents of tin, antimony and bismuth in biological, environmental and geological materials were determined by the proposed method and the results obtained were in good agreement with those reported by other authors. The proposed method is simple, fast and accurate for the decomposition of the sparingly soluble SnO2, Sb2O3, and Bi2O3 and the determination of these elements.View full abstractDownload PDF (685K) -
Mikita ISHII, Shigetaka SUZUKI1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 146-150
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRapid determination of ammonia in urine was investigated. The apparatus was mainly composed of a gas chromatograph and a thermostat in which a permeation plate assembly was installed. The gas permeation membrane used in the assembly was Fluoropore (Sumitomo Electric Ind., Tokyo) of 0.45 μm pore size. The membrane was sandwitched in between two stainless steel plates. Passage for gas or liquid was an U-shaped ditch carved in a circle on the surface of the each steel plate. Two thin plates of silicone rubber for gas tight sealing were inserted separately between the steel plate and the membrane. An urine sample of 500 μl was injected into the stream of 1/15 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) and carried in two the permeation plate assembly with the buffer solution. Ammonia in the sample was permeated from the buffer solution through the membrane into GC carrier gas (He). The permeated ammonia was determined by GC. The precision forthe measurement was good and within 6 % in terms of coefficient of variation. A detection limit was 10 μg to amount of ammonia in the injected sample. An analytical time required for ammonia determination was within 20 min and it was 25 min shorter in comparison with that of the indophenol method. A correlation between the both methods was also good and the correlation coefficient was 0.97 (n=12).View full abstractDownload PDF (587K) -
Takeshi YAMANE1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 150-153
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA spectrophotometric method has been developed for the successive determination of copper and bismuth in lead metal. Sample was dissolved in 3 N nitric acid and the solution was diluted to ca. 25 ml with water. Copper and bismuth were extracted with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (Zn-DBDTC) in carbon tetrachloride solution. After the back-extraction of bismuth with 7 N hydrochloric acid, copper was determined by measuring the absorbance of the organic phase at 438 nm. The aqueous phase was diluted to ca. 50 ml with 0.7 N hydrochloric acid and then bismuth was reextracted with the Zn-DBDTC solution and determined by measuring the absorbance at 370 nm. Without requiring preliminary separation of lead, this method has the advantages of being able to determine both copper and bismuth selectively only with Zn-DBDTC and hydrochloric acid. The results by the method for two samples were 3.2 ppm of Cu and 17 ppm of Bi with the relative standard deviations of 3.1 % and 1.2 %, respectively, and 8.5 ppm of Cu and 1 ppm of Bi with the relative standard deviations of 1.2 % and 15 %, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (644K) -
Shinji ITOH, Haruno OKOCHI1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 153-156
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe study of the combustion-infrared absorptiometric determination of sulfur in ores and ferroalloys has been performed. The analytical values of standard ores obtained by using accelerators (combination of tungsten and iron) and sample preheating (preheating temperature : 630°C, preheating time : 15 min) to eliminate interference due to combined water agreed with the certified values. The coefficients of variation were (1.25.8)% except for Mn are containing very low amounts of sulfur (analytical value : 0.0027 %). The combination of accelerators and their optimum amounts were examined for the analysis of ferroalloys. In the case of combination of tungsten and iron, much combustion dust deposited on the dust filter which adsorbed some amount of sulfur dioxide. The tungsten alone gave better results in view of an efficient routine analysis. The analytical values obtained by using tungsten alone (ca. 2.0 g for 0.5 g samples) as an accelerator agreed with those obtained by the other methods (isotope dilution-spark source mass spectrometry and comustion-alkalimetric method).View full abstractDownload PDF (550K) -
Hiroshi NISHIDA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 156-158
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBeryllium formed a red complex (the absorption maximum : 525 nm) with Chromazurol S (GAS) in the presence of zephiramine at pH 10, and the red color developed was applied to the spectrophotometric determination of beryllium. Recommended procedure is as follows : To a sample solution containing less than 3 μg of beryllium, add 0.5 ml of EDTA solution (0.05 M), 1 ml of ammonium chloride solution (0.5 M), 1.0 ml of CAS solution (2 × 10-3 M) and 5 ml of zephiramine solution (1.35 × 10-2 M). Adjust pH to 10 with sodium hydroxide solution (0.25 M) and dilute to 25.0 ml with water. Measure the absorbance at 525 nm against the reagent blank. Beer's law was obeyed for (0.041.3) × 10-5 M of beryllium. The apparent molar absorptivity was 5.35 × 104 dm3 mol-1 cm-1. Less than 1 mg of Mn (II), Cd (II), Zn (II), Al(III), Mo(VI), 0.2 mg of Pb(II), Ni(II), Co (II), Cu (II), Fe (III), As (III), 0.1 mg of Sn (II), V (V), and 0.05 mg of Cr (III), Ti (IV) did not interfere. Less than 200 mg of chloride and sulfate, and 12 mg of nitrate did not interfere. This method had following merits compared with the CAS-cationic surfactants methods at pH 56 : anions within the range of concentrations described above did not interfere, and small differences in pH between the sample and the reagent blank solution did not affect the absorbances.View full abstractDownload PDF (491K) -
Kichinosuke HIROKAWA, Michiko NAMIKI1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 158-159
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAvailability of a Grimm glow lamp as an exciting light source in coherent forward scattering spectrometry was studied. Copper, iron and nickel were measured at the wavelength of Cu I 324.7 nm, Fe I 373.7 nm, and Ni I 341.5 nm, respectively. The atomization conditions were : drying at 100 °C for 60 s, ashing at 550 °C for 35 s, and atomization at 2700 °C for 5 s. The light scattering intensity of these elements varied according to gaseous pressure and wattage supplied to the glow lamp.View full abstractDownload PDF (234K) -
Kazuichi HAYAKAWA, Miwako NISHIJIMA, Motoichi MIYAZAKI1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 160-161
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA novel method for the separation of halogenated anion complexes of platinum metals by reversed-phase ion-pair partition chromatography has been developed. The separation of RhBr52-, PdBr42-, and PtBr62- was accomplished on a Hitachi #3050 packed column (3 mm × 30 cm), where 30 % (v/v) acetonitrile-0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) mixture containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium bromide and 0.025 M sodium bromide was used as a mobile phase. These anion complexes can be determined at 310 nm, and as low as 5×10-11 mol of PtBr62- can be determined with the peak height method which gave a straight calibration curve. Detecting wavelengths and retention times of the complexes can be altered if the complexes are formed with other halogen ions. This analytical method for micro amounts of platinum metals can remove the mutual metal interferences.View full abstractDownload PDF (219K) -
Hisakuni SATO1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages T23-T28
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSApplicability of the direct conductivity detection method to ion exchange chromatography has been studied, and some practical problems are discussed. For the present purpose, a high-sensitive, differential type conductivity meter and a pair of flow cells are newly designed and tested. Background conductivity of eluent itself, which varies with temperature, is cancelled effectively by the dual-column and dualcell configuration. When the conductivity of eluent is 30 μS or lower, a conductivity difference of 0.1 μS between eluent and effluent can be enlarged into the full scale of recorder with low drift. This sensitivity enables to detect as low as 10 -9 mol of common ions, such as chloride, sulfate, etc., and seems to correspond to that of conventional Ion Chromatography. Because conductivity detection is of general purpose and low concentration of eluent is used, there are some practical problems, such as occurrence of ghost peak and peak splitting. If various types of ion exchanger, which has low capacity and high separation ability, are commercially available, ion exchange chromatography without suppressor column is thought to be more important, practical method of analysis for electrolyte samples.View full abstractDownload PDF (799K) -
Mamoru AOYAMA, Toshiyuki HOBO, Shigetaka SUZUKI1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E99-E105
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method is described for the spectrophotometric determination of microgram quantities of nitrite ion in water after concentration by using ion flotation. It is based on the formation of red colored azo dye through the reaction of nitrite ion with p-aminobenzenesulfonamide and N-1-naphthylethylenediamine, followed by the flotation of azo dye by using an anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate. Under the optimum conditions established, down to 1 μg of nitrite ion in 1000 ml of sample could be determined. The precision of the ion flotation-spectrophotometric procedure, expressed in terms of relative standard deviation, was 1.25 %. The method was successfully applied to the determination of microgram amounts of nitrite ion in natural fresh waters.View full abstractDownload PDF (639K) -
Yoshiaki SASAKI1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E107-E111
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe formation constants of some metal complexes of butylxanthate(X) were determined by the solvent extraction method under the conditions of ionic strength 0.25 and at 25°C. The logarithmic values of those obtained were 17.2(for FeX3), 16.6(CuX2), 11.1(InX3 ), 5.7(SnX2), 12.5(PbX2), 28.3(BiX3), and 7.0(SbX3, as a conditional constant at pH 8.1). Among the same group metals in the periodic table, the stability of complex increases with increasing the atomic number of metal. These facts are discussed from a viewpoint of HSAB theory. The obtained values of distribution constant for palladium(II) and nickel(II) complexes are larger than that for other divalent metal complexes. Palladium(I) and nickel(II) are extracted as the complexes of coordination number 4.View full abstractDownload PDF (419K) -
Hideo IMAI, Hisanobu YOSHIDA, Tsutomu MASUJIMA, Kazumi OHNO1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E113-E116
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe voltammetric microanalysis of naturally occurring purines (uric acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine) was studied by using a plug flow reactor of immobilized xanthine oxidase. The cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode showed highly irreversible and adsorptive characteristics on the electrode surface, and in a mixed solution of purines the anodic peak currents were obscured by the competitive adsorption. Reproducible analytical data were obtained by the oxidative voltammetry using a thin-layer flow cell with samples sufficiently diluted to avoid the adsorption effect. Uric acid in deproteinized plasma was determined at 0.4 V vs. Ag/ AgCl at pH 7.7, and the total amount of xanthine and hypoxanthine was estimated under the same condition by using enzymatic oxidation by xanthine oxidase after uric acid in plasma was converted to allantoin by uricase. The c.v. value of the determination at 0.2 nmole was 2.7%, and the detection limit was 10 pmole or less.View full abstractDownload PDF (512K) -
Hideo AKAIWA, Hiroshi KAWAMOTO, Etsuo HIYAMUTA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E117-E122
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanism of the synergistic extraction of nickel(II) with a mixture of dithizone(H2dz) and methyltrioctylammonium chloride(MTOA=R3R'N·Cl) was studied. The extraction of nickel(II) in the presence of thiocyanate was clarified to proceed according to the following equations: Ni(NCS)2 + R3R'N·NCSorg _??_ R3R'N·Ni(NCS)3'org and R3R'N·Ni(NCS)3'org + H2dzorg _??_ R3R'N·Ni(dz)(NCS)org + 2H+ + 2NCS-, where the subscript org denotes the organic phase. The above reactions have two important features. One is the acceleration of the extraction reaction, and the other is the formation of the reddish colored secondary complex having the absorption maximum at 503 nm. The present system was applied to the spectrophotometric determination of nickel(II).View full abstractDownload PDF (601K) -
Takashi TANAKA, Kazuo HIIRO, Akinori KAWAHARA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E123-E126
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPolyurethane foam loaded with a mixture of liquid anion exchanger (Amberlite LA-2) of molybdate form and tributyl phosphate collects phosphate ion by immersing it in the sample solution, and is colored blue by reduction. The color intensity of the foam is proportional to the phosphate concentration in the (0.2-2)ppm range in 2ml of the sample water and (0.05-0.5)ppm range in 10ml of the sample water.View full abstractDownload PDF (340K) -
Sadanobu INOUE, Mitsuo SASAKI1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E127-E130
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDimercaptomaleonitrile (rant, H2L) forms a 1:3 complex with iron, FeL3-3.The complex forms an ion-pair with tetrabutylammonium ion (tba+), which can then be extracted into methyl isobuthyl ketone (MIBK). The sensitivity of this method was 0.039 μg cm-3 in MIBK for 1 % absorption. Moderate amounts of most of the ions did not interfere with the determination. This method was also successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of iron in underground water and tap water.View full abstractDownload PDF (371K) -
Hiroshi NAKAMURA, Hiroshi NISHIDA, Makoto TAKAGI, Keihei UENO1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E131-E134
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new type of chromogenic crown ethers, 2-hydroxy-5-(4-nitrophenylazo)phenoxymethyl-15-crown-5 and -18-crown-6 were synthesized. The 15-crown-5 type reagent extracts a sodium ion most effectively, and is the first chromogenic reagent suitable to the determination of ppm level sodium.View full abstractDownload PDF (379K) -
Shizuo FUJIWARA, Takaya YUSA, Kiyotsugu NISHIYAMA1982 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages E135-E136
Published: March 05, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIon selective electrode shows response to the electric impact which is given to the sample solution by the external electrode. The response depends on the concentration of the ions and on the characteristics of the impacts.View full abstractDownload PDF (117K)
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