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Volume 43, Issue 11
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Takayuki TOKIEDA, Shuichi WATANABE, Kazuhiro NAMIKI, Shizuo TSUNOGAI1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 827-830
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA clean seawater sampler for the determination of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is described. The sampler consists of a sample-drawing section and a sample storage tube with two 3 way valves at both tube ends. Two plastic syringes in the sample-drawing section draw, by the force of a helical stainless-steel spring, about 100ml of water (a volume three times of that of the sample tube). The sample tube is directly connected to a gas stripping-concentration system for the determination of dissolved CFCs. The water inside the sample tube is prevented from contacting the ambient air during this procedure. The sampler was used in analyzing North Pacific water for CFCs. The concentrations of CFCs in the water collected with this sampler was lower than that of 1.7 liter Niskin bottles. The concentrations of CFCs in water collected below 1500m, where the radiocarbon age is estimated to be about 1500 years, were below the detection limit.View full abstractDownload PDF (450K) -
Hiroki TAMURA, Koji OKITA, Noriaki KATAYAMA, Ryusaburo FURUICHI1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 831-836
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoils and sediments contain metal oxide particles and control the concentration of heavy metal ions in natural waters at low levels by adsorption. The adsorption isotherms of divalent heavy metal ions on the surface of iron(III) oxide particles were obtained, and modeling of the adsorption reaction was made to describe and predict water quality. The model assumes (1) surface complex formation due to the (1:1) and (1:2) cation exchange reactions with protons of acid surface hydroxyl sites and (2) suppression of the reactions by a linear increase in the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) with the surface coverage. From the model parameters, it was found that the adsorption affinity increases in the order: Co2+≤Zn2+< Cu2+<Pb2+. There was a good correlation between the stabilities of surface complexes and hydroxo complexes for these ions. This supports the surface complexation model which assumes that metal ion adsorption is due to the donation of electron pairs from the lattice oxide ions to the metal ion.View full abstractDownload PDF (581K) -
Hideki KASUKABE, Kimitaka KAWAMURA, Leonard A. BARRIE1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 837-843
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWater soluble organic compounds in Arctic aerosol samples were analyzed by using capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The carboxyl and aldehyde groups in the hi-functional compounds were derivatized with 14% BF3/butanol to dibutyl ester and dibutyl acetal, respectively. The results showed that oxalic(C2)acid was the dominant species(269ng/m3)followed by malonic(C3)and succinic(C4)acids in all samples, from July 1987 to June 1988. Total concentrations of dicarboxylic acids were 5105ng/m3and showed seasonal variation with a maximum at Arctic sunrise.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K) -
Shogo SUZUKI, Shoji HIRAI, Toshiaki MITSUGASHIRA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 845-849
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 07, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMultielement analysis of Human Hair Reference Material (NIES No. 13) prepared by the National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan (NIES) was performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Six portions of the human hair sample(ca. 801000mg) were irradiated for 30 s at a thermal neutron flux of 1.5×1012 n cm -2S -1 and for 6 h at a thermal neutron flux of 3.7×1012 n cm-2s-1 in the Rikkyo University Research Reactor. Four portions of the Human Hair sample (ca. 2050 mg) were irradiated for 5 h at a thermal neutron flux of 8.1×1013 n cm-2 S-1 in the Japan Materials Testing Reactor (JMTR) in the Oarai Laboratory, Japan Atomic Energy ResearchInstitute. The irradiated samples were measured by a conventional γ-ray spectrometry using a coaxial Ge detector and an anti-coincidence γ-ray spectrometry using a coaxial Ge detector and a well-type NaI (T1) detector. Concentrations of 43 elements (Na, Mg.Al, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Au, Hg, Th) were determined by these irradiation and counting methods.View full abstractDownload PDF (512K) -
Kenji ISSHIKI1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 851-857
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe complexing capacity for copper (II) (CuCC) in river waters in the estuarine region of the Kochi urban area was determined by metal ion addition-differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a hanging mercury drop electrode. The pre-electrolysispotential chosen to estimate the electrochemical lability of the ligands was -0.3 V and -1.0V vs. SCE. To estimate the chemical propertics of the ligands, the CuCC of samples pre-treated with an octadecylsilylated silica gel (ODS) column was compared to that of non-treated samples. The samples without the ODS treatment indicated an apparent endpoint of the titration for the pre-electrolysis potential of -1.0 V vs. SCE, while the pre-treated samples did not indicate an endpoint. At a pre-electrolysis potential of -0.3 V vs. SCE, CuCC was decreased by the ODS column treatment. These results suggest that the CuCC, which is subject to ligands that form electrochemically inert complexes, should be attributed to relatively hydrophobic ligands.View full abstractDownload PDF (851K) -
Akifumi YAMADA, Kazunori HODOUCHI, Youichi KATAOKA, Hideto IKETAKE, Hi ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 859-864
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA polarographic detector for flow injection analysis has been devised using a small mer-cury pool transferred from a hanging mercury drop electrode through a Teflon tube. Its simplicity in handling and lower dead volume cell is advantageous. The detector consists of a working electrode(small mercury pool), a counter electrode(platinum wire)and a reference electrode(silver wire).The mercury pool placed in the cell was stabilized by mercury plating onto the platinum wire for contact. A small cell volume made the detector sensitive. The efficiency of the detector was also enhanced by directing the eluent stream for the mercury drop. A linear relation was observed for hexacyanoferrate(III)ion in the range of 5×10-61×10-3M(M≡mol dm-3)with a relative standard deviation of less than ca. 1.5 %. Detectors were also applied to the determination of phosphate ion and six thiourea compounds. The detector limit for these samples was on the pmol level. Handling of the detector was simple and mechanical skill was not necessary.View full abstractDownload PDF (802K) -
Shoichi AIZAWA, Kin-ichi TSUNODA, Masayoshi AKATSUKA, Sadao INOUE, Hid ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 865-871
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method of analysis for heavy metals in trichopteran larvae by AAS was established to evaluate this aquatic insect as an indicator organism for environmental pollution by heavy metals. A wet digestion method with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was found to be suitable for the decomposition of trichopteran larva samples. No serious variation in heavy metal contents was found in individual samples collected from one sampling point. A weak negative correlation was observed between the body length and the heavy metal contents of trichopteran larvae. In addition, the heavy metal content of trichopteran larvae seems to show a seasonal fluctuation. Trichopteran larvae in the Watarase River, which has abandoned copper and manganese mines along its upper stream, show an enriched heavy metal content as compared with those in other non-polluted rivers. Moreover, this aquatic insect in the Kiryu River also shows enrichment of manganese due to abandoned manganese mines situated upstream. These facts suggest that the trichopteran larva is a useful indicator organism for environmental pollution by heavy metals.View full abstractDownload PDF (1038K) -
Tadayoshi YOSHIMURA, Hiroshi TAKEZAWA, Touru KASASHIMA, Kouji KATO, Yo ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 873-878
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to recognize mixed gas samples of malodorous substances, we have studied the measurement of sensor reply data and the data treatment by using an automated odor sensing system. We have used a pattern recognition method (potential function method)and a principal component analysis method as the data treatment. There was the resultthat the single gas sample and the two-component mixed sample were examined discrimination about malodorous substances with a good recognition. It was found that the data treatment is facilitated by using a computer and the automated odor sensing system can be of practical use as a recognition method for mixed malodorous gas samples.View full abstractDownload PDF (680K) -
Masaaki IWATSUKI, Takayuki KANDA, Tsutomu FUKASAWA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 879-884
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSX-Ray diffractometric determination of chrysotile asbestos down to 0.01 mg is described. Sample preparation uses a combination of heavy liquid separation, acid treatment and flotation. Dust collected by a high-volume air sampler was detached from a membrane filter by irradiation of ultrasonic waves in acetone. Airborne dust of 2050mg collected in a bag-filter was directly used. To remove organic matter, the sample was suspended in a heavy liquid of ethyl iodide. Dilute hydrochloric acid was added tothe sediment to remove dissoluble matter. After addition of water, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) and ethanol, flotation was carried out at pH 4.8. Collected foam was centrifuged and the sediment was mounted on a non-diffracting plate for XRD analysis. The integral intensity of the chrysotile (004) diffraction line was measured to determine chrysotile concentration using a calibration graph, which was linear in the range of 0.010.12 mg. Recovery of chrysotile was about 90% for samples of 2042 mgcontaining 0.1 mg of chrysotile in the matrix of quartz, carbon black, gypsum, cotton, rock wool, etc., and also for a bag-filter dust sample of 40 mg to which 0.1 mg chrysotilewas added.View full abstractDownload PDF (789K) -
Hidero TOHFUKU, Kiyoshi TAKEDA, Kensuke CHIKAMORI, Katsuo MURATAR, Yas ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 885-890
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 07, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMajor ions in atmospheric deposits collected by a simplified method were analyzed in order to investigate the atmosphere of a coastal region. Dry and wet deposits were collected by using plastic bottles of 8.1 cm calibar at 12 points around Naruto. Ions in dry and wet deposits were analyzed by ion chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The main species in suspended particles were ammonium sulfate in fine deposits (0.432.1μm) and sodium chloride in coarse ones (2.111μm). Analysis revealed that ammonium sulfate did not precipitate as dry deposits, but as wet deposits in rain. Sulfato complexes which formed on corroded copper plate might be attributable to the atmospheric sulfate occuring as fine particles and at higher concentration in a coastal region. Similar amounts of ions were usually collected at all measuring points. However, it was proved that seasonal winds and tyhoons frequently brought the sea salts to each measuring point in amounts inversely proportional to the distance from coast. Analysis of many rain samples clarified that the nitric acid content contributed more intensely to the acidity of rain than the sulfuric acid content.View full abstractDownload PDF (587K) -
Noriyuki MOMOSHIMA, Yoshimasa TAKASHIMA, Masami KOIKE, Yukio IMAIZUMI, ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 891-895
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution and extraction behavior of cations in wood xylem of Cryptomeria japonica and Abies firma were examined to develop tree-ring chronology using cations. Major cations in the wood were Ca, Mg, and K, together accounting for more than 95 % of the total cations. The K concentrations were significantly different between heartwood and sapwood, while Ca showed a gradual decrease from the pith to the outermost ring. The distribution of Mg was similar to that of Ca in Abies firma, but Cryptomeria japonica showed an intermediate distribution pattern between K and Ca. K was easily extracted with water but Ca and Mg were not. Extraction with acid was quite effective for all cations. Most of the K was concluded to exist as salt in wood xylem, while Ca and Mg are in a binding site in the cell wall. The heartwood formation did not influence the Ca distribution, but it resulted in movement and redistribution of K. Therefore, historical information on sap chemistry no longer remained for K in the annual ring.View full abstractDownload PDF (745K) -
Yuichi TAKAKU, Kimihiko MASUDA, Toyokazu KOBAYASHI, Tadashi SHIMAMURA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 897-903
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSArsenic determinations in river and tap water samples were done using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Two methods were considered to overcome the problem of the 40Ar35Cl+ interference on 75As+, these were, 1) the masses of the twoion species were separated by high resolution ICP-MS, and 2) a numerical correction of40Ar35Cl+ on 75As+ was done after the measurement by a quadrupole mass filter-based ICP-MS. The results of both methods on the standard reference material of river water SLRS-2 agreed well with each other and agreed with the certified value. Determinations of arsenic were performed for river water samples from the Tsukuba area and tap water samples from the Tokyo metropolitian area by the latter method. Concentration ranges of 0.43 to 3.42 ng/g for the river water and less than 1.6 ng/g for the tap water were found.View full abstractDownload PDF (732K) -
Hiroyuki TAKAGI, Ikuyo IIJIMA, Kiyoshi IWASHIMA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 905-909
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simple and rapid method has been developed for the fractional determination of particulate, iodide, iodate and non-ionic dissolved iodine in rain waters by using some filter technique and neutron activation analysis. The following procedure was chosen as a result of the tracer experiments. Particulate iodine in rain water (0.10.21) is obtained as the residue on Millipore HAWP filter paper by filtration and determined by INAA. Iodide and iodate ion in half of the filtrate are adsorbed on Expapier F3 anion exchange filter papers and passed through the filter as non-ionic dissolved iodine which is then sealed into a plastic vial for irradiation. The iodate ion fraction is eluted with 15 ml of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide, and iodide ion and total ionic iodine (iodide+iodate) in another fraction are determined by the following method. The irradiated sample is decomposed together with an iodide carrier solution containing I-131 by heating in a sodium hypochlorite solution. After decomposition, the solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid, and the insoluble residue is filtered off. To the filtrate sodium sulfite solution and palladium chloride solution are added, and the precipitate of palladium iodide is separated with a glass fiber filter paper. Iodine contents of samples are calculated from the peak areas under the 443 keV γ-ray of I-128 in the precipitate and comparative standard. Corrections for chemical recovery are applied to them by means of the areas under 365 keV γ-ray of I-131. This method was applied to the rain water in Yokohama. The concentration of particulate, iodide, iodate and non-ionic dissolved iodine were 0.10.3, 1.03.7, 0.21.5 and 00.6μg/l. The recovery of iodine in this procedure was about 70%. About 30 min was required for the radiochemical procedure and the limit of determination was 1 ng/l of iodine in a volume of 0.21.View full abstractDownload PDF (580K) -
Keiko SASAKI, Masami TSUNEKAWA, Hidetaka KONNO1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 911-917
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe oxidative dissolution of pyrite, FeS2, by Fe(III) ions in hydrochloric acid solutions at around pH 2 was investigated by spectrophotometry, ICP-AES and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All the experimental results showed that the preferential dissolution of iron in pyrite took place resulting in the formation of a surface layer enriched with sulfur. The preferential dissolution was enhanced by increasing the initial concentration of Fe(III) ions. Accordingly, a classical stoichiometric dissolution ([Fe]/[S]=0.5) mechanism can not explain the present results. The dissolution rate was independent of Cl- ion concentration, but dependent on Fe(II) ion concentration. The oxidative dissolution of pyrite was suppressed by increasing the concentration of Fe(II) ions.The present results suggest that the kinetic equations should be formulated, considering both dissolved iron and sulfur species.View full abstractDownload PDF (916K) -
Yoichi SAKAI, Kazumasa OHSHITA, Kenji TOMURA, Satoshi KOSHIMIZU1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 919-924
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo determine trace vanadium in tap water and natural water samples, thermal NAA and chemical preconcentration procedures were developed. Preconcentration was carriedout as follows; acetic acid was added to the water sample of 5001000 ml, adjusting to pH 45. Then, 10 ml of 0.1% ethanol solution of 8-quinolinol was added. After the solution was stirred for 10 min forming vanadium-8-quinolinol complex, activated carbon was added and suspended for 30 min for the complex to adsorb. The activated carbon was filtered out. Thermal neutron irradiation was carried out for 100 s. As an analytical line, the 1434 keV γ-ray from 52V produced in the 51V(n, γ)52V reaction was measuredfor 100 s with a conventional γ-ray spectrometer. The counting rates were corrected for the nuclear decay of 52V (T1/2= 3.75 min). The pile-up effect was also taken into account for the correction. The recovery of vanadium was 100 % for the present chemical procedures. The reproducibility of the data was also confirmed: the RSD was evalucentration of 0.22 ppb. The present method was applied to the determination of vanadium in various water samples.View full abstractDownload PDF (772K) -
Masato IWASHITA, Hiroshi ANDO, Hideki KAGEYAMA, Tadashi SHIMAMURA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 925-932
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDeterminations of 21 trace elements were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) for water samples from Sagami River and its tributary rivers. The samples were collected during May to November 1993 monthly at 39 sampling points. The data were investigated for concentration variation of each element along the sampling points, time variation of the elements at a particular point and the elemental profile of the particular point. The results show 1)classification of the elements may be possible according to the concentration pattern from upper to lower stream, 2)elemental profiles of the individual sampling points were distinct each other and did not change much with time, and 3)the Li concentration of Hato River(at point H-2)suddenly increased by two orders of magnitude in November. It is quite feasible to use ICP-MS for trace element monitoring of river water.View full abstractDownload PDF (862K) -
Muneyuki KOHRI, Yoshinori INOUE, Kunikazu IDE, Koichi SATO, Haruno OKO ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 933-938
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the speciation of ultra trace organotin compounds, a technique for separation and preconcentration, such as organic solvent extraction, is useful. However, a solid phase extraction (SPE) is preferable from the viewpoint of environmental pollution. The SPE of comparatively large amounts of organotin compounds in seawater has been developed using a polymer of styrene derivative/metacrylic ester as a solid phase sorbent. The sorbent (500 mg) was put into a 8 ml reservior. Recovery of organotin was measured by AAS. In pure water containing organotin compounds (TBT, TPT) there was almost100% recovery in the range of pH 0.258.0, while in the 2.45% sodium chloride solution(equivalent to the sodium chloride content in seawater) the recoveries decreased to about 5060%. This problem was resolved by adding methanol. To prepare sample solutions, methanol was added to be 50% (v/v), in artificial seawater samples containing organotin standard solutions and the pH was adjusted to 0.5 with nitric acid. The water samples were forced through the cartridge at a flow rate of 4.55.0 ml min-1. Elution was by gravity flow of 10 ml methanol. Recoveries of TPT and TBT were more than 90%, while those of DPT and DBT were about 30 and 60%, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (889K) -
Hisao HORI, Osamu ISHITANI, Takashi IBUSUKI, Hidenari INOUE1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 939-945
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA rapid and simple method for preparation of pheophytins from spinach was established. Spinach leaves (500g) were dipped into boiling water for 3min. The pigments were extracted from the leaves with acetone (1000cm3) by ultrasonic vibration for 10 min. Chlorophylls were precipitated with addition of dioxane (150cm3) and water(100cm3), followed by their pheophytinization with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Pheophytin a and b were separated by preparative reversed-phase HPLC with an ODS column (24 mm i.d.×360 mm length) and a mobile phase of acetone-acetonitrile (50/50, v/v). The purities of the fractionated pheophytins a and b were checked by analytical reversed-phase HPLC with an ODS column (4.6 mm i.d.×250 mm length) and a mobile phase of acetone-acetonitrile (50/50, v/v). The purity was 98.1% for pheophytin a, with its epimer, i.e. pheophytin a', being the sole impurity. No impurity was detected for pheophytin b. From 500 g of leaves, more than 400 mg and 120 mg of pheophytins a and b were obtained respectively. These yields were 1.53 times as high as those of the conventional methods. Effect of the storage of pheophytins at -5°C was also examined by the analytical reversed-phase HPLC. After 60 days, no purities were changed. However after 180 days, the purities of both pheophytin a and b were down to 91.6%. Hence, it is confirmed that these pheophytins are stable for at least 60 days.View full abstractDownload PDF (754K) -
Fumitaka YANAGISAWA, Akira UEDA, Junichi SHIDA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 947-952
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWet deposits were collected every month from July 1992 to May 1993 at Yonezawa, which is located 90 km inland from the coast of the Japan Sea. Sulfur isotope ratios of sulfate (δ34Smes) were low in summer and high in winter, linked with the contribution of seasalt sulfate. The δ34Smes values in atmospheric deposits ranged from +1.0 to +8.1‰, which is less than that of seawater sulfate(+20.3‰). This result suggests that the main sources of sulfate in rain and snow in this area did not come from sea spray sulfate. The sulfur isotope ratios for non-seasalt sulfate(δ34Smes)did not show seasonal variation and had an annual mean of +4‰. We conclude that sulfate in the wet deposits contains sulfur-oxides from local human activities.View full abstractDownload PDF (647K) -
Hiroshi NAMIKI, Kazumi HANAUE, Eiko NAKAMURA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 953-957
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo eliminate the interference from bromide on the determination of total nitrogen in seawater by the UV method, the bromide and bromate, formed in the pretreatment step, were removed using a solid phase adsorption column after conversion to bromine. The procedure is as follows. Fifty milliliters of sample is taken into a pressure bottle and 10ml of NaOH(1M)-K2S208(3%) solution is added. The solution is heated at 120°C for 30 min to oxidize the nitrogen compounds to nitrate. The solution is cooled to room temperature and 25 ml of supernatant is poured into a beaker. Then, 2 ml of sulfuricacid (1.25M) is added to adjust the supernatant to pH 13, and subsequently, 1 ml of sodium sulfite solution (0.2%) is added to reduce bromate to bromide. After the addition of 2 ml of sodium hypochlorite solution (0.165%) to oxidize bromide to bromine, the solution is flushed through the Sep-pak Plus PS-1 column below at 4.5 ml/min by using a syringe. Absorbance based on nitrate in the effluent is measured at 220 nm with a 10 mm quartz cell. Total nitrogen in seawater was determined by this method. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained by the cadmium-column method.View full abstractDownload PDF (536K) -
Jun-ichi ITOH, Yukihiro HIROSAWA, Masashi KOMATA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 959-964
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simple and highly effective pre-column on-line concentration method for determination of phenols by HPLC was developed. In the first step, phenols in the sample solution were converted to UV-absorbing derivatives by coupling with 4-sulfobenzenediazonium salt at pH 10.5, and ion-associates of the 4-sulfobenzeneazo derivatives were formed with tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium-chloride at pH 5.0. The ionassociates were collected on a PTFE membrane filter (6mmφ, 0.5 1, t, m pore size) in a linefilter placed on a 6-way injection valve. The sample size (injection) was up to 3cm3. The separation was carried out with a ODS column (Tosoh, TSKgel ODS-120T, 4.6 i.d. ×250mm) (column temperature 35°C) and 37.5% acetonitrile/62.5% 8.0×10-3 mol dm-3 acetate buffer solution (pH 4.6) containing 1.6×10-4 mol dm -3 tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium-chloride as the mobile phase (flow rate, 1.0 cm3min-1). A UV detector (352 nm) was used for monitoring. Eight phenols including phenol, m-chlorophenol, o-, m-cresol, o-, m-ethylphenol, 2, 3- and 2, 5-xylenol were successfully separated and determined. Calibration plots for each of the phenols were linear up to 50 ng dm3. Detection limits ranged between 40 ng dm -3 (phenol) and 2μg dm-3 (2, 5-xylenol). The method was used for the determination of phenols in river water.View full abstractDownload PDF (820K) -
Toshitaka HORI, Yuko SUGIYAMA, Masahito SUGIYAMA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 965-970
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo develop a preconcentration method for organic traces occurring and circulating in natural waters, the usefulness of hydrous iron oxide (HIO) as an adsorbent was examined by measuring the percent adsorption of 34 carboxylates and their analogues (spiked to 0.1 mM concentration in a 40 ml-sample solution) onto HIO (a constant amount of 4 mg as iron) as a function of the pH of the solution. The adsorption characteristics were discussed in reference to the chemical formulae of the organic molecules tested.(1) Those molecules with more than two HOOC-residues are adsorbed quantitatively onto HIO from solutions with pH 4.0-5.5.(2) The presence of a HO-residue with the HOOC-residue facilitated the adsorption, but that of a Cl-residue suppressed the adsorption.(3) The effect of the HO- or Cl-residue was enhanced when it was located adjacent to the HOOC-residue in the molecule.(4) The H2N-residue on aromatic rings had little effect on the adsorption, but that on alkyl chains suppressed the adsorption.(5) As a whole, the pH1/2values, read off the respective adsorption curves as the pH where 50% adsorption occurred, were inversely proportional to the pKa values for the dissociation of the HOOC-residue. According to these empirically obtained rules, the success of adsorption preconcentration of a family of organic materials by HIO can be anticipated.View full abstractDownload PDF (852K) -
Tokuo SHIMIZU, Keiji OHYA, Yoshio SHIJO1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 971-976
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn effective method for the determination of mercury at ng/l levels in water sample is described. Mercury is extracted with 1, 5-diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) into carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). With hydrophobic filter paper, the organic phase is transferred to a Teflon beaker containing a micro volume of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, a high boilingpoint solvent); then CCl4 is removed by evaporation in a water bath at ca. 40°C. Mercury is concentrated in the residualDMSO and determined by graphite furnace AAS.The sensitivity and stability of mercury atomic absorption were enhanced in the presence of DMSO and dithizone due to matrix modification. A preconcentration factor of 15000 times was obtainable using 3 ml of CCl4 and 0.1ml of DMSO. When 1000 ml of the sample was used, the lower limit of determination(10σ) was 1.3 ng/l, and the relativestandard deviation was 6.3% (10 ng/l, n=8). The proposed method was applied to thedetermination of total mercury in surface snow and river water after acid digestion usingpotassium peroxodisulfate. Water samples were collected in glass bottles containing sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate, and analyzed within 4 days.View full abstractDownload PDF (818K) -
Ken HOSOYA, Kazuhiro KIMATA, Nobuo TANAKA, D.G.Patterson Jr.1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 977-984
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe used a hydrophobic solid support, octadecylsilylated silica gel C18, packed in a quartz column as the reaction medium for the photolysis of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD) and 1, 2, 3, 4-TCDD. When we exposed the column to a 450 W UV lamp, the adsorbed 1, 2, 3, 4-TCDD or 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD in 10% 2-propanol/water decomposed completely in 20 min and 5 min, respectively. The large estimated partition coefficient of 1, 2, 3, 4-TCDD in 10% 2-propanol/water (>1000) indicates that on the C18 stationary phase, both the saturated hydrocarbon chains and the adsorbed 2-propanol may act as proton donors and accelerate the photolysis. In direct sunlight, the adsorbed 1, 2, 3, 4-TCDD in 10% 2-propanol/water decomposed much faster than in a nonaqueous solvent (50% 2-propanol/methanol). This solvent effect is advantageous for the practical application of the C18 photolysis process in aqueous waste treatment. We have demonstrated that complete C18 trapping with continuous photodecomposition of TCDD contained in an aqueous alcohol waste is possible.View full abstractDownload PDF (971K) -
Kenji ITO, Motoyuki MATSUO, Takaaki KOBAYASHI1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 985-990
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInorganic nutrient elements in an aquatic plant(Elodea densa)have been determined as a function of Cu and Cd concentrations in the culture medium. The added Cu and Cd influenced in different ways the Na, K, Ca, Fe and Zn contents measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry as well as P and Cl contents determined by fluorescent Xray analysis: The concentrations of Na, P, Cl, K and Zn decreased, while those of Ca and Fe increased, with an increase in the Cu concentration. Elevated Cd concentrations caused a decrease in Mn and an increase in Fe. These observations suggest that distribution of inorganic nutrients and the heavy metal contents of the plant could supply information not only on the health condition of the plant but on factors in the water environment adverse for the plant. Concentration patterns of inorganic nutrient elements for aquatic plants collected from metropolitan rivers have enabled us to estimate the water quality in terms of the plant composition.View full abstractDownload PDF (868K) -
Akira MACHINO1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 991-994
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNitrous oxide is one of the greenhouse gases which together with carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons has an influence on global warming. The average increase of atmospheric nitrous oxide has been estimated at about 0.20.3% per year. It is impotant, therefore, that sources and emission rates of nitrous oxide are investigated all over the world. In this work, the nitrous oxide concentration in the soil at 80 cm in depth at 30 sites was investigated in the Tokyo metropolitan area. As a result, it was found that the concentration of nitrous oxide was higher in the soil air than in the atmosphere for all of the sampling sites.View full abstractDownload PDF (417K) -
Etsu YAMADA, Hideyuki TAGUCHI, Masanori SATO1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 995-999
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTrace amounts of carboxylic acids in environmental samples are strongly related to the acidification of environmental waters such as rain and snow. In the analysis of environmental trace carboxylic acids, it is very important to prepare reliable standard solutions of an extremely dilute concentration comparable to actual samples. Furthermore, it is extremely important to be able to store environmental samples in a stable condition until analysis. As the amount of trace carboxylic acids in environmental waters decreases greatly during storage, we have investigated precisely methods of storage of carboxylic acids in environmental samples. As a result, it is confirmed that carboxylic acids, with the exception of lactic acid, are stabilized enough for at least 6 months by the addition of hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH to below 2 in a refrigerator. Lactic acid can be only stored for 3 months under the same conditions. As concentrations of carboxylic acids in environmental waters are generally lower than those we investigated here, we propose that carboxylic acids in environmental waters should be determined within one month after sampling even though environmental samples can be stored under these conditions for a longer term.View full abstractDownload PDF (723K) -
Mie KURIBAYASHI, Noriko SHINOZUKA, Nobuharu TAKAI, Yoshikazu MATSUSHIM ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1001-1003
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSReversed-phase liquid chromatography with a multielectrode electrochemical detector was applied to the separation of phenolic compounds, including methylphenols, chlorophenols and nitrophenols. A mobile phase of methanol-0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate-0.05 M dipotassium hydrogenphosphate (9: 8: 1, pH 7) was used at a flowrate of 0.5 ml/min.. Four porous glassy carbon electrodes placed in a series were used for coulometric measurements. Selective and sensitive detection resulted. From the hydrodynamic voltammograms of the compounds, the potential of the four electrodes was set at 550, 700, 750 and 800 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively. These analytical conditions enabled the detection of 2, 4-dinitro-phenol and 4, 6-dinitro-2-methylphenols.View full abstractDownload PDF (342K) -
Hiroshi OKOCHI, Takashi MORI, Manabu IGAWA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1005-1008
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFluoride and bromide ions in fogwater were studied at an altitude of 700m on Mt. Oyama (1252 m a. s. l.). Concentration ranges of fluoride and bromide were 9.28-209 μgl-1 and 0120μgl-1, respectively. Concentrations of both ions were higher than thos eestimated by the sea salt ratios, which shows that these ions originated not only from sea salt but also from other sources. The effects of volatilization of HBr from sea salt (Br loss) were also observed in the composition of some fogwater. A positive correlation coefficient (r=0.84) between NO-3/Na+ and Br-/Na+ indicates the influence of bromide exhausted from automobiles on fogwater.View full abstractDownload PDF (460K) -
Tokuo SHIMIZU, Keiichi FUKUDA, Yoshio SHIJO1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1009-1011
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method for the determination of silver at ng/l levels in seawater is described. Silver is extracted as the thiocyanato complex with trioctylmethylammonium chloride in xylene and subsequently back-extracted into 0.1 ml of nitric acid and 0.1 ml of 500μg/ml indium solution. The back-extracted solution containing indium as a matrix modifier is suitable for the determination of silver by graphite furnace AAS. The detection limit was found to be 1.3ng/l of silver in the initial solution based on a 150-fold preconcentration with a combined extraction and back-extraction. The proposed method is simple and rapid for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of silver in seawater.View full abstractDownload PDF (334K) -
Kenji SATO, Hiroyuki OKUYAMA, Shigeyuki TANAKA, Yoshifumi AKAMA1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1013-1016
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1-Phenyl-3-methyl-4-stearoy1-5-pyrazolone(C18)loaded on a porous polymer resin(C18/SP207)was prepared for the determination of lead in environmental samples. Lead(II)was quantitatively retained on C18/SP207 from an aqueous solution of pH>4.7 in the batch experiment. In the column experiment, lead(II) was quantitatively retained with 2.0g of C18/SP207 when the flow rate of sample solution was lower than 7 ml/min. Lead(II) retained on C18/SP207 was completely eluted with 2 M hydrochloric acid. The recovery from 203000 ml of sample solution containing 400 μg of lead was higher than 96%. Alkali and alkaline earth metal elements, chloride and other ions had no effect on the recovery. The method was applied to the determination of lead in several salt samples and one of seawater. The recoveries of lead(II) added to these samples were approximately 100%.View full abstractDownload PDF (496K) -
Tsuyoshi MURAHASHI, Kazuichi HAYAKAWA, Yuko IWAMOTO, Motoichi MIYAZAKI1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1017-1020
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simultaneous determination method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in airborne particulates was developed. Airborne particulates were extracted with benzene/ethanol, cleaned up by liquid-liquid partition, refluxed in the presence of NaSH and then the resultant solution was injected into an HPLC system. The system was hybridized into two systems with different optimum conditions for PAHsand NPAHs by introducing a switching valve and a mini separation column. Mobil ephases were acetonitrile/water (75 : 25) for PAHs, and acetonitrile/imidazole HClO4 buffer (1:1) for NPAHs and the postcolumn reagent solution for NPAHs was an acetonitrile solution containing bis(2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate and H2O2. By this method, four NPAHs (1, 3-, 1, 6-, 1, 8-dinitropyrenes and 1-nitropyrene) and eight PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a] pyrene and coronene) in sub-milligram quantities of airborne particulates were de-termined chemilumigenically and fluorogenically, respectively using 2-fluoro-7-nitrofluorene as an internal standard within sixty minutes.View full abstractDownload PDF (374K) -
Yuki TOMIOKA, Tomobumi KAIDO, Akira OKADA, Hiroshi ENDO1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1021-1026
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method for determining the amount of environmental dry deposition (EDD) by ion chromatography was examined. EDD was captured as H2SO3, H2SO4 and HF using prepared Fe2O3 and camellia leaves. EDD, which was efficiently captured by Fe2O3, was decomposed to acid by pyrolysis. EDD captured by camellia leaves was subjected to alkali fusion and ion exchange treatments. By adjusting the pH to 1112 for ion exchange treatment, the recovery of F- was improved from 50% to 93%. The accuracy of this method was confirmed using NIST SRMs; the recovery of S was 96% and that of F was 92%.View full abstractDownload PDF (743K) -
Minoru KOGA, Masaharu MURATA, Mizuo MAEDA, Makoto TAKAGI1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1027-1031
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTrace levels of formaldehyde in ambient air were collected using an absorbent coated with 2-hydroxymethyl piperidine (2-HMP) which is commercially available as ORBOTM-24 tube. Air samples were passed through the tubes at 200 ml/min under reduced pressure. Formed formaldehyde-oxazolidine derivative (1-aza-8-bicyclo[4.2.0]nonane) was eluted with 500μl of isooctane containing a decafluorobiphenyl at the concentration of 40 μg/ml as an internal standard and analyzed with FID-GC. GC analyses were performed using a fused silica capillary column (DB-WAX, 0.32 mm i.d., 30 m length, film thickness: 0.25 μm) under splitless injection mode. The temperature program of GC analyses was as follows: 50°C isothermal for 1 min, programming to 220°C at 10°C/min, hold at 220°C for 1 min. Linear calibration was obtained from 0 to 17.5 μg. The accuracy and precision measured as recovery and its relative standard deviation of six replicates at 0.875 μg was 100.2 ± 7.5%. The detection limit was estimated to be 0.23 μg. The method has been used to evaluate levels of formaldehyde in ambient air; formaldehyde was detected at 3.915.9 ppb in the samples of an underground parking lot and shopping mall.View full abstractDownload PDF (537K) -
Katsuo MURATA, Katsunori IIDZUNA, Shinsuke YAMASHITA, Hiroshi TANIGUCH ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 11 Pages 1033-1037
Published: November 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCopper plates were exposed to the ambient atmosphere at different locations in the Chugoku district in order to compare metal corrosion in the three distinct regions of the Tsuyama basin, San-in (Tottori), and San-yo (Okayama). The samples were analyzedat regular intervals by FT-IR reflection absorption spectroscopy. Some species of Cu2O, CuO, hydroxy and sulfato complexes were found on the surfaces of copper plates. Thesamples exposed from December of 1992 to April of 1993 in the Tottori district were more corroded than those in Okayama City. Most of the copper plates exposed in the Tsuyama basin were noncorroded except for a couple of samples from the east part of the basin. The results of the FT-IR spectra also revealed that there were some points in the eastern part of the Tsuyama basin where corrosion of copper plates was similar to that in the Tottori district. This might be attributed to a temporary lull in seasonal westerlies around the eastern part of the Tsuyama basin.View full abstractDownload PDF (748K)
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