物性論研究
Online ISSN : 1883-7808
ISSN-L : 0366-4341
1953 巻, 62 号
選択された号の論文の18件中1~18を表示しています
  • 生源寺 治雄
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 1-15
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    The applicability of standard fluctuation theory of turbidity to electrolyte solutions and its limitation are discussed. Some general characteristics in the scattering behaviors of electrolyte solutions, especially of polyelectrolyte solutions are elucidated from the fluctuation theoretical viewpoint. For several typical systems exact formal experessions of twrbidities are worked out, which world be useful bases for analyses of experimental results. Another somewhat more complete paper in the English language will soon appear elsewhere.
  • 今井 宣久
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 16-29
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    The distribution of low moleculer ions and the electric potential around a much charged colloidal particle in solution are discussed. The Poisson-Boltzmanm equation is adopted, but both the Debye-Hückel and the Gronwall methods are not used. In is assumed that each colloidal particle (of the radius a and the charge Ne0) has a spherical free volume (of the radius R), in which n+j gegenios and j neben-ions are distributed. Then the Poisson-Boltzmann equation can be written as follows:
    e0/kT[d2ψ/dr2+2/rdψ/dr]=Κ2ee0ψ/kT-j/n+j∫Raee0ψ/kTr2dr/∫Rae-e0ψ/kTr2dre-e0ψ/kT, Κ2=(n+j)e02/DkT∫Raee0ψ/kTr2dr,
    Where ψ denotes the electric potential, D the dielectric constant, and the integrals are normalization factors. In the former paper, the solution of this equation was calculated in the case when Κa<<1. In this paper, the equation is approximately solved when Κa>>1, and the following results are obtained.
    (1) The Debye-Hückel approximation may be used in the region R≥r≥r1. Where r1 satifies the relation e0ψ(r1)/kT=1/Κa. And r1/a is nearly equal to unity, even when the colloidal charge becomes ∞.
    (2) The region r1≥r≥a is just the non Debye-Hückel region. The potential in this region may be obtained by neglecting the term of dψ/dr in the equation, that is, ψ can approximately be expressed by the solution of one dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
    (3) Κ2 is independent of the colloidal charge and is given by the following formula:
    Κ2=3je02/(R3-a3)DkT.
    These results mean the characteristic condensation of gegenions in the vicinity of the surface of the colloidal particle.
  • 野口 肇
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 30-38
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Mixtures of P. A. A. and P. V. A., interlinked by -CO-O- bridges, were prepared as examples of the mechano-chemical Systems. Elongation and contraction of the systems in alkali, acid and salt solutions were studied from the kinematical viewpoint. Young's modulus of the system was measured, being of the same order as muscle and rubber. The origin of elongation and contraction of the system were investigated through the relation between tension and temperature under the constant length.
  • 朝倉 昌
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 39-48
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    On the mechanism of the swelling of mechano-chemical systems, a theory is developed, based upon a model of a macroscopic cylindrical fibre of the rubberlike material having a smeared uniform charge density of ionized radicals. The method in this theory are similar with those which were established in our laboratory and which have been applied successfully to polyelectrolyte solutions. As a result of our theory, it will be shown that the entropy force of the gegen-ions bound by the system plays a predominant role to expand the system against the rubberlike elastic force.
  • 大沢 文夫
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 49-61
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    The influence of ions in solution on the stability of coacervates is discussed. Assuming that positive and negative ions in coacervates have different potential energies due to interactions with solvent and solute molecules, i. e., that coacervates have ability of selective absorption of ions, the free energy of coacervates is derived as the function of their size. In ordinary solutions such selective absorption decreases the surface tension of coacervates and makes the phenomena of the microcoacervation observable. Under suitable conditions with respect to the absorption potentials, the concentration of ions, and the dielectric constant, it may be happened, in high-polymer solutions, that coacervates of a particular intermediate size are stabilized by the selective absorption. The simple mechanism proposed suggests the cause that stable coacervates of ten suspend in equilibrium at the phase separation of solutions.
  • 大井 龍夫
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 62-69
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    The equation of state considering the effects of viscosity, external and internal thermal conductivity is obtained by the method of irreversible thermodynamics. Solving this equation, it results that sound velocity is proportional to the root of adiabatic bulk modulus and that absorption is given by the sum of the terms due to viscosity and thermal relaxation. It is discussed what assumptions are needed when there exist two mechanisms simultanuously.
  • 堀田 健
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 70-79
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Viscosity of dilute Solutions of high polymers was measured over a wide rage of the velocity gradient by an improved capillary tube viscometer. Preliminarily, in order to derive the relation between the viscosity and the velocity gradient form the measurements of the pressure difference and the flow velosity, non-Newtonian flow in the capillary was analyzed. Using the results of the analysis, the relations of the structure viscosity of high polymer solutions to the concentration and the polymerization degree were obtained.
  • 太田 時男
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 80-88
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 下地 光雄
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 89-93
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    不可逆過程に関する熱力学は一応その体系を確立し, 統計力学的な観点からも漸次体系化しつゝある. この小文では Iwing-Kirkwood 及び Born-Green等によつて示された hydrodynamical equations の統計力学的表現の内, 妥当でないと思われる箇所に. 正しいと一応考えられるものを与えておくのが目的である, 勿論もつと本質的な問題に就てはこゝでは触れない.
  • 宮坂 礼吉
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 94-105
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    An Investigation of hydrogenbond effect in ultraviolet absorbtion spectra (the Kuhn-Brockman effect) has been made. The band shift Δνm was calculated from the theory of electron migration, and a relation between Δνm & other experimental quantities (such as dipolmoment & band shift due to the subitituted radical) was obtained. The results are compaired in the cas of aniline and of para amino azo benzen in dioxane, heptene, carbontetrachloride. In each case Δνm=-610 (aniline), Δνm=-1103 (p-amino azo benzen) are obrerbed respectively and our results Δνm=-647cm-1, Δνm=-1327cm-1 are good agreement with experiment.
  • 御子柴 宣夫
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 106-113
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Fröhlich (1950) suggested that electron-phonon interaction was essential for superconductivity, and culculated this interaction energy at absolute zero of temperature. We culculate Fröhlich's interaction energy at low temperature approximately. In our treatment, electron-phonon multiple collision is neglected and distribution function of electron is taken straight line.
    Buckingkam (1951) showed that Fröhlich's interaction influenced to low temperature specific heat of non-superconducting metals. Using our culculation we research this effect of electron-phonon interaction. In our approximation, (I) anomaly of sodium and beryllium (which Buckingham could explane) and (II) anomaly of silver (which Keesom-Pearlman recently discovered experimentally) is not explaned. We show only the various qualitative results.
    Finally the relation between Buckingham-Yokota's (1952) theory and our treatment is discussed
  • 成長, 老衰の熱力学的解析
    杉田 元宣
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 114-120
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Let GK be the free energy of a Living body, Z1 and Z2 the free energy taken and excreted respectively and D the dissipation in the body. Then
    GK=Z1-Z2-D.
    If we put D=Dr+Df, where Dr is the destruction of free energy by catabolism and Df is pure loss, then
    GK=R-Dr
    and R=Z1-Z2-Df where R is the reproduction of free energy due to anabolism. From these equations we can analyse the growth and senility and other transient phenomena of living system.
  • 滝沢 英一
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 121-137
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    Considering the Maxwellian relaxational process for the plastoelastic body, a generalized thermodynamical equation of state for liquids, is presented. The theological constants, thermal expansion coefficients, and specific heats, are all considered as operators of Maxwellian type accompanied by relaxation times. An attempt is made to describe the equation of conservation of energy (in the macroscopic sense), based on the phenomenological model. As the author's theory includes the better charcters of both Frenkel-Obratzov-Oshida's and Kneser's theories, the complicated temperature dependence of the absorption and dispersion of ultrasonics in various kinds of liquids, may be possibly explained by this theory. The present equations can, also, be conveniently applied, mutatis mutandis, to the description of mechanical behaviours of any phase of plasto-elastic bodies, such as gases and solids, as well as liquids.
  • 下川 純一
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 138-151
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    本報では Cell method が採用される. Cell 体積は Fourier 和として求められ, そして Cell 表面張力から気体の凝縮現象が論じられる. J. E. Mayer らの cluster 理論と異なつて. 数学的な複雑さもなく, 且より定量的である. その上, 凝縮点に於ける分子の結合の模様が明らかにされる. その結果として, 種々の気体の臨界温度が計算される. 元来, 凝縮現象そのものは, 臨界点と密接に関係しているのであるから. 凝縮理論から臨界温度が導出され得ることは, 極めて当然なことなのである. しかし, J. E. Mager らの方法によつては. 大きな cluster 積分の計算が殆ど不可能に近いから, 臨界点は定性的に推定されるに止つている.
    さて. 我々の求めたと種々の気体の臨界温度な, これと異なつた方法で求めた Lennard-Jones & Devonshire の値と比較させる. その結果, 我々の理論がより正確であり, ある意味で低分子の量子効果を補償していることが判る.
    理論の展開の都合で, 便宜的に,“凝縮度 (condensation order)”を定義する. この量は気体の凝縮の模様を直観的にきせ, 凝縮の度合と湿度との関係を明瞭にさせる.
  • 中嶋 貞雄
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 152-167
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    He3-He4混合体に二流体論的取扱いを拡張することは. Koide-Usui 及び Mazur-Prigogine によつて行われた. M. P. 理論は, He3とHe4の常流体部分とをあわせたものがひとつの平均速度場をもち, これとHe4の超流体部分の平均速度場とあわせて. 混合系はひとつの二流体であると考える. He3の運動は拡散の形をとると考えるのである. この考え方は, bulk liguid の中に温度勾配を作つたとき. それに比例したHe3の濃度勾配が生ずるという実験事実によく適合する. これに対してK. U. 理論では, さしあたりHe3, He4の起流体部分および常流体部分の3つの平均速度場を独立にとるという点で, いわば三流体モデルといえる. 混合系の第二音速を説明するためには, He3は重心速度と一しよに動くと仮定しなければならぬというのがK. U. 理論の結論である.
    ところでM. P. 理論の定式化には, 熱力学凾数の取扱いに疑問があり, これが Usui によつて批判され, 更に Horie によつて辨護された. こゝではM. P. 理論のアイデイアはそのまゝ受取つて, 定式化の方法はこういう疑問のないものをえらんでM. P. 理論の運動方程式 (完全に同一のものではないが) を導いておく. M. P. 理論とK. U. 理論の比較は後の機会にゆづる.
    M. P. 理論が気体運動論の引きうつしであることはほとんど自明であるが, これをはつきりさせるためにひとつの気体モデルを作つて. M. P. 理論の怪しい点を明かにしておく.
  • 中嶋 貞雄
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 168-182
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    On the basis of Boltzmann's equation we establish thermohydrodynamic equations of phonon gases. By applying thermodynamical considerations to the irreversible production of entropy, we set up the phenomenological linear relations between fluxes and forces, so that we can avoid the detailed study of the collision process. As Kramers has suggested, it can be shown that the distribution of phonons proposed by him and therefore the existence of second sound can be secured only when the collisions between phonons occur very frequently and when the effect of Umklapp-processes or of momentum transfer to other excitons is negligible. These two conditions may certainly be satisfied in the case of liquid helium II. We can, however, hardly expect the existence of second sound in the phonon gas of solids, where Umklapp-processes are prodominant, and also in the photon gas enclosed in a cavity, where the collisions between photons are lacking.
  • 金子 元三
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 183-190
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    The relaxation phenomena in the acoustical double refraction of highpolymer soluton may be due to its viscoelastic properties as the supersonic absorption is. Considering its viscoelastic properties, the acoustical double refraction can be calculated analogously to the photoelastic phenomena. The relaxation phenomena observed befor by us can be explained qualitatively and in the case of solutions of low concentration the calculated results can be fairly agreed with the experiments.
  • 岩村 国也
    1953 年 1953 巻 62 号 p. 191-198
    発行日: 1953年
    公開日: 2010/12/10
    ジャーナル フリー
    從来の液体論には, ケージ模型, 或は空孔理論などあるが, 筆者は, 液体が固体と気体の中間にある状態であることから, 液体を固体的性貭と気体的性貭を含むものと考え, 両者の性貭の混合として液体論を構成しようと考えた. この混合の割合を最近接分子数との関連において仮定を設け, 更に空孔理論的概念を導入して分子性液体の構造を考察した, 理論はまだ不十分であるが一応こゝにまとめ液体アルゴンの実験結果と比較を行った. 諸先輩, 諸兄の御批判を仰ぐ次第である.
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