Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal)

Studies on the Method of Early Selection in the Tea Breeding (Part 1)

Akira WATANABE, Shigeo HARADA

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 1-5
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: February 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.1

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The relations between the growth and other factors of the cuttings, and the transplanted young plants were examined about some tea varieties and strains. It was found that there existed high correlations between the growth of cuttings and the surviving rate or the growth of the transplanted young plants. It must be useful for increasing efficiency and saving the time of tea breeding to abandon poor strains early by nursery tests.

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A New Castration Method of the Tea Flowers

Kiyoshi MASUDA

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 6-7
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.6

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The efficiency and the results were examined about the newly improved castration method of the tea flowers with scissors. The new method showed better results than the cast-omary method with pincette.

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The Effect of Vinyl Cover on the Tea Plant

Hideya AONO, Tsuneji TAKAHASHI

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 7-12
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.7

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1. In order to examine the effect of vinyl cover on the tea plant, some vinyl houses were established and an experiment was carried out from March to April 1954.
2. The indoor temperature and relative humidity were raised by vinyl cover, but the outdoor temperature at night was higher than the indoor on fine day.
3. The growth of tea bud was promoted by vinyl cover, and the suitable plucking period was hastened about one week. The quality of tea was also improved. It was recognized by the results of chemical analysis that the tannin content of the tea leaf was increased by vinyl cover.
4. The difference of temperature according to the color and transparency of the vinyl film was scarecely recognized, but the transparent sheet made the indoor temperature higher generally, the growth of bud quicker, and the quality of tea better more or less than the half transparent one.

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On the Effect of Soil Moisture Content upon the Growth of the Tea Plants (Part 1)

Shigeo HARADA, Minoru MITSUI

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 13-17
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.13

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Using 2 years old plants of vars. Yabukita and Miyosbi transplanted in pots, one plant per each pot, the relations between the growth and the soil moisture content were examined. The soil moisture was regulated to 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105% of water capacity respectively.
Concerning the top growth, 90% seemed to be most suitable and 105% the next, and with decreasing of the soil moisture, the growth became poor.
But concerning the root growth, 105% Plot as well as 45% plot showed poorest growth. With increasing of the soil moisture, the area and thickness of the tea leaves became larger.
Though the growth of two varieties was rather different, the effects of the soil moisture content upon their growth were almost the same between two varieties.
But var Yabakita which showed vigorous growth seemed to be more susceptible to water deficit than var. Miyoshi which showed somewhat poor growth.

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Some Considerations upon the Relations between the Plucking Time and the Type of Flushing and the Yield of Several Tea Varieties

Shigeo HARADA, Shun AMMA

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 18-23
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.18

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Yield analysis was attempted at the Ist and 2nd harvesting time of 4 varieties, namely Yabukita, Miyoshi, Tamamidori, and Natsumidori.
The yield of Yabukita and Natsumidori increased mainly with the increasing of number of buds. On the contrary, the yield of Miyoshi and Tamamidori increased mainly with the growth of each bud. In view of maintaining good quality of leaf as long as possible, it seemed to be very favourable that each bud continued new development of leaves at the harvesting time for a long time like Natsumidori.
The relations between the percentages of full-developed buds and the yields of varieties were also discussed.

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A Test of the Annual Variation of the Yield of Tea Leaves

Hideichi TORII

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 24-28
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.24

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1. An yield survey was performed on the tea garden of the variety of Tamamidori, divided into three blocks, from 1949 to 1954 (the crop in 1953 was omitted for the frost injury).
2. Every year, the samples were gathered 6-8 times before and since the presumed best plucking time of the first crop with five days' interval. Then the yield, maturity of leaves, number of leaves, and mean weight of the plucked leaves were measured.
3. As the yield had a close correlation with the maturity of leaves, the regression equations were calculated, and the differences among the yields of blocks or years were tested statistically. The result showed no significant difference among the mean values and the coefficients of regressions of blocks or years, therefore, a representative regression equation for five years could be suggested.
4. The yields of five years at the best maturity in the first crop of this variety were compared. There was no significant annual difference among the yields at 95% confidence limit, but at 90% confidence limit the crop in 1952 was larger than that in 1954. When the annual difference was less than about 20% of the mean yield, it might be insignificant as far as this survey concerned.

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Coverage of Tea Leaf Surfaces with Spray Material Applied with Mist Blower and Knapsack Sprayer

Akinori EZUKA

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 29-33
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.29

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1. In April, 1954, a test was made with portable mist blower and knapsack sprayer for coverage of foliage of tea bushes in the first-flushing stage.
2. 0.4 per cent Bordeaux mixture was applied with both sprayers at a rate of 130 gals. per acre, and 1.2 per cent mixture was sprayed with mist blower at a rate of about 43 gals. per acre.
3. After the bushes dried up, young and old leaves were sampled from each plot, and were pressed between filter papers treated with potassium ferrocyanide solution. Copper deposit on the leaf surfaces was demonstrated by bronzing of filter papers.
4. Lower surfaces of young leaves were covered more satisfactorily by blower spray than those of old leaves. By spraying with knapsack sprayer the lower surfaces were poorly covered irrespectively of leaf age. Upper surfaces were throughly covered in every case.
5. Distribution of deposit on leaf surfaces seemed better when sprayed with mist blower, especially when small amount of concentrated spray was applied.
6. However, data were too few to evaluate the control effect in favor of spraying with mist blower.
7. No difference in the deposition of spray material was observed between the top and side leaves of tea bushes.
8. Tea foliage was not injured by spraying with concentrated Bordeaux mixture.
9. In view of several other advantages, it is suggested that mist blower will be useful in future for control of the pests and blights of tea bushes.

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Biological Notes on the Tea Small Tortrix (Adoxophyes Privatana WALKER) (Part 3)

Distribution of the Tea Small Tortrix on Tea Garden

Jinhaku MINAMIKAWA, Tetsuo SAITÔ, Masaru OSAKABE

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 34-41
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.34

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1. Analysis and considerations were given to the nature of the distribution of tbe small tea tortrix larvae, injured leaves attacked by larvae and number of larvae per injured leaf in winter and summer seasons.
2. The fitness of the three theoretical distributions, i. e., normal, Poisson's and Polya-Eggenberger's was examined to the observed values.
3. In the sampling of the smallest plot (2 X 6 ft.), the frequency distribution of the larvae and injured leaves was applied to Pólya-Eggenberger's distribution, but not to the normal and Poisson's, and the frequency distribution of the number of larvae per injured leaf was not applied to these theoretical-distributions.
4. With increase of the unit area, these frequency distributions showed fairly applic able to the theoretical values of Poisson's and normal series.

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On the Population Density of the Tea Red Spider (Tetranychus japonicus HOTTA) on the Decayed Tea Garden

Masaru OSAKABE

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 42-46
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.42

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1. In this paper, the seasonal population density of the tea red spider on a decayed tes garden is given. The sampling method follow. ed the previous test.
2. The population density was higher in the flushing period than in the non-flushing one on both decayed and normal gardens.
3. The population density in the old leave, was higher on the decayed tea garden tharr that on the normal garden.

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The Influence of the Property of Water on the Tea Infusion (Part 1)

Yoshio KUWABARA, Tadakazu TAKEO

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 47-50
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.47

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We investigated the influence of the property of water on the tea infusion.
1. The tannin content in-tea infusion by hard water was reduced in proportion to the hardness of water. The deliciousness and the flavor of infusion were declined, and white turbidity was formed.
2. Salty taste was felt in the tea infusion, when the water contained over 200mg./L. of salt. The tea infusion by salt water containing 2g./L. of salt reduced the content of tannin and soluble matter in it. When containing over 0.5 mg./L. of chlorine in the tea infusion, the chlorine smell deteriorated the taste of tea, but it was excluded easily by treating the water with ion exchange resin.
3. The color of tea infusion was changed by pH of the infusion, and between pH 4-r9 the deepening of color was occurred.

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The Respiration of Plucked Tea Leaves and the Change of Internal Constituents of Leaves (Part 1)

The Respiration of Plucked Leaves

Yoshio KUWABARA, Tadakazu TAKEO, Yukitaka SUZUKI, Isaji NISHIYAMA

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 51-54
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.51

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The respiration of plucked tea leaves was investigated. The respiratory rate of leaves was measured by absorbing the discharged CO₂ into an alkali solution. It was more vigorous at higher temperature (35°C.), at the upper leaves of shoot, as well as at the younger period of growth of shoot. It reached the max. value 8-12 hours after plucking of leaves, thence declined and maintained the half value of the max. for a while, and after 42 hours, it dropped again and settled on a lower constant level.
During the storage, the deterioration of the quality of tea leaves was remarkable, especially at higher temperature, for long period, and with the younger part of leaves.

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Detection of Water-Soluble Coal-Tar Colors in the Colored Tea

Toshio HARA

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 55-58
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.55

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As the inspecting method of. dyes in the artificially colored tea, the detection of watersoluble coal-tar dyes is described by means of paper chromatography. Particularly, the procedure for separating and purifying the dyes before analyzing by paper chromatography was examined.
The procedure was as follows; the dyes in the artificially colored tea were extracted with 50% ethanol, then the impurities derived from the tea leaves in the extract were separated by liquid chromatography with alumina column.
By this method, a blue dye from a market tea was separated and determined as indigo.

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On the Operating Method of the Stalk Separator of Tea (Part 2)

The Preparation of Tea for Electric Stalk Separator

Asataro MOTOSUGI, Toshio HARA, Akimitsu MOTOMURA, Tsuneo HORI, Etsuro ...

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 59-63
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.59

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To establish the suitable. preparing method of tea for the electric stalk separator, the effects of moisture of tea, cooling time after re-firing, fineness of tea and polishing process of tea for export on the efficiency of the stalk separator were examined.
The experimental results were as follows;
1. The moisture of tea had the most significant effect on the efficiency of the stalk separator. With decrease of moisture, the separating rate of stalk was increased and that of tea leaf decreased. The suitable preparing method of tea for this separator was needed to reduce the moisture content of tea less than 3%.
2. By cooling tea for. 20-40 minutes after re-firing, the separating rate of stalk and that of tea leaf were increased than immediately after re-firing.
3. The smaller the size of tea, the .more the separating rate of tea leaf, while no general conclusion was drawn from this experiment with the separating rate of stalk.
4. The efficiency of the stalk separator was decreased by the polishing process of tea.

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Studies on the Rotary Tea Dryer

Atsushi KUBOTA, Katsuhiro NARUTOMI, Fujio NAKANO

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 64-74
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.64

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Rotary dryer attached with rolling flights at the centre of the drum was seemed to be applicable for a plant of continuous tea manufacturing method.
Data for designing the plant, i.e., the effects of air rate, feed rate, of rotation, and height of dam placed at the dryer discharge on the heat transfer occurring from hot air to tea leaves were obtained in a 450-mm by 2000-mm rotary dryer.
1. Air rate seemed to have little effect on volumetric heat-transfer coefficient (Ua).
2. The relation of Ua and feed rate (F/S) was shown by the following experimental equations.
1st run Ua=19(F/S)^0.5
2nd run Ua=17(F/S)^0.5
3rd run Ua=14(F/S)^0.5
where F=5.5-16kg. (dry-matter)/hr.
(feed rate)
S : Area of cross section of the drum.
3. Placing dam (25, 50, 75mm high) at the dryer discharge or rates of rotation of drum and rolling flight (20, 40 ; 25, 45 ; 25, 50 r.p. m.) seemed to have little effect on Ua.

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Investigation on the Decayed Tea Garden Soil (Part 1) On the Diluvial Upland of Makinohara, Shizuoka Prefecture

Tsuneji TAKAHASHI, Noboru MORITA

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 75-77
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.75

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In order to research the causes of the decayed tea garden on the central part of the diluvial upland of Makinohara (Shizuoka prefecture), some chemical properties of the tea garden soil were analyzed and the following facts were recognized.
1. The surface-soil (0-18cm.) was composed of brownish-black clay loam with fine granular structure. The sub-soil (18-150 cm.) was composed of light yellowish-brown clay layer of moist condition.
2. The content of clay and the water holding capacity in the sub-soil were larger than the surface-soil.
3. The content of exchangeable Ca was very low and the acidity was generally strong, about pH 4.5 throughout the profile.
4. C/N ratio showed high (24.8) in the surface-soil, on the contrary it was very low (4.6) in the sub-soil.
5. The redoxpotential of the sub-soil under the waterlogging condition was very low.
6. Ferrous oxide was found abundant in the sub-soil, but a few in the surface-soil. From above mentioned results, the drainage may be recommended to increase the soil productivity in this region.

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Soil Survey on the Tea Garden of Goka-mura, Haibara-gun, Shizuoka-prefecture

Sôgo KAWAI, Tsuneji TAKAHASHI, Kôzô ISHIGAKI, Noboru ...

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 78-90
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.78

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We surveyed the tea garden soils of Gokamura, Haibara-gun, Shizuoka-prefecture and investigated the mechanical and chemical characteristics of these soils.
This district was suitable for the tea garden, but some wrong soil management was pointed out.
We desire the farmers of this district to improve their tea gardens by the methods suggested on this paper.

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Paper-Chromatographic Method of Tea Catechins

Hideichi TORII, Jun KANAZAWA, Hiroyuki YOSHIDA, Yutaka SAKAMOTO

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages 91-97
Published: April 20, 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.91

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A tentative method for paper chromatographic study of tea catecbins was established after several meetings of tea chemical engineers.
The procedure is as follows :
1. Preparation of sample solution.
Add 10 c.c. of boiling water to 1g. of sample, keep in a boiling water bath for 5min. Drop 0.02 c.c. of this infusion on the original point of filter paper.
2. Two dimensional development.
Filter paper : Toyo No.3, 20×20cm.
Developing temperature : 20°C (Unless 20°C. adopted, describe the temperature used.)
Original point of development : Near a corner of the paper 2cm from either edge.
The-first run :
Developing solvent : Phenol containing 25% (vol.) water.
Developing distance : Reach the solvent front 2cm, below the upper edge of the paper.
Developing direction : Along the fibre arrangement, of the paper.
After the first run is over, dry the paper in an electric heater, cut off the contaminated part of the paper by phenol front. The second run :
After standing one night, perform the second run.
Developing solvent : n-Butanol : acetic acid : water (4:1:2 vol.).
Developing distance : Same length as the first run.
Coloring reagent :
A 1% solution of MOHR'S salt plus same volume of methanol.

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ERRATUM

1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1a
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1a

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1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1b
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1b

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1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1c
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1c

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1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1d
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1d

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1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1e
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1e

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1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1f
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1f

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1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1g
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1g

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1955 Volume 1955 Issue 5 Pages e1h
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5979/cha.1955.5_e1h

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