The correlation analyses and the statisticgenetical studies based on the analysis of variance of "biparental progenies" were made here at the stage of individual selection of the tea plants, to find the reasonable combinations and the methods of early selection in the tea breeding.
The phenotypic correlation coefficients were calculated among the following characters, sprouting time, quality of black tea, plant height, yield of first crop, number of buds per plant, bud weight per 100 buds, growth weight in a year, leaf length, variation of leaf length and leaf thickness in the F1 progenies of the crosses, between a strain of Assam indigineous and japanese varieties.
These ten characters were classified in three groups, sprouting time, quality and other traits concerned with growth and yield. The groups were approximately independent of each other, but intra-relationships within the third group were relatively closed.
Especially, growth weight showed a close correlation with yield, so it is appeared that yield in the next year could be practically estimated by growth weight.
The analyses of "biparental progenies" were used on the traits of sprouting time, plant height, growth weight, leaf length, variation of leaf length, internode length of shoot and diameter of shoot in the progenies originated from the mutual crossings among the selected Assam hybrid clones, and then phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlation coefficients and heritabilities were estimated.
The results of this analyses suggested that the positive correlations of early sprouting time with plant height, diameter of shoot, and length of internode were hereditarily and environmentally significant. And early sprouting time was associated with small leaf length and small variation of leaf length hereditarily, but reversely with large these traits environmentally, also growth weight had no correlation hereditarily with early sprouting time, but environmentally closely related.
Heritabilities of these characters were estimated, and the value of sprouting time was very high and the other traits showed relatively low values.
And then, the genetic variance has been divided into additive genetic variance and variance due to dominance deviations on these five characters, sprouting time, plant height, growth weight, leaf extent (leaf length × leaf width) and leaf shape index (leaf length ÷ leaf width).
Heritabilities in the narrow sense of sprouting time and leaf shape index were high, while plant height and leaf extent had very low heritability values.
The dominance for genes concerned with sprouting time and leaf shape index was estimated to be nearly complete, and the possibility of large overdominance in the action of genes determining plant height, leaf extent and probably growth weight was indicated.
In addition to the above results, some discussions were made to suitable choice of mating parents for each breeding objective.

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The influence of sod mulching and strawmulching on the growth of tea plant and the physical properties of soil was studied in the young tea garden, for three years since 1960. The results were summarized as follows.
1. The sod mulching was significantly superior to the non-treatment in the height of plant and the growth of autumn bud. The strawmulching was inferior to the sod mulching in the above characters, but was better than the non-treatment.
2. The sod-mulching and straw-mulching have not influence upon. the porosity of soil, yet the sod-mulching became effective on the increase of water-unfilled percentage in porosity, the straw-mulching increased water-saturation percentage.

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The control effects of three acaricides and one insecticide on some pests of the tea garden were examined by aerial spraying. The pesticides used were Estox (O, O-dimethyl-S-(1-methyl-2-ethylsulfinyl)-ethyl phosphorothioate), Ekatin (O, O-dimethyl-S-2-(ethylthio)-ethyl phosphorodithioate), and Delnav. (S, S'-p-dioxan-2, 3-diyl bis (0, 0-diethyl phosphorodithioate)), and Malathion (O, O-dimethyl-S-(1, 2-dicarboethoxy) ethyl dithiophosphate). Acaricides, i. e. Estox, Ekatin, and Delnav, were applied at the rate of 3l/10a.; and the effects on the tea red spider mite(Tetranychus kanzawai KISHIDA) were examined. Insecticide was applied at the rate of 2.5, 3, and 3kg/10a. with 3.0, 2.0, and 1.5% dust of Malathion, respectively; and the effects on the tea cochlid (Phrixolepia sericea BUTLER) and green fly (Empoasca onukii MATSUDA) were tested.
The following results were obtained.
1. The application of the three acaricides reduced the population of the tea red spider mite. But the effect of Delnav was not found 20 days after application. The effect of Estox application at the rate of 3l./10 a. was slightly lower than that of 6l. /10 a.
2. The application of Malathion dusts remarkably reduced the population of the tea cochlid and the green fly, but it did not so much reduced that of the tea leaf miner.
3. The amount of emulsion fell on the tea leaves was generally uniform in the field; but in case of Estox application at the rate of 6l./10 a. the emulsion was inclined to drift to the lee.
4. Malathion dusts fell, uniformly and the difference in the amount of dust adhered on the tea leaves between the rate of 3kg./10 a. and of 2.5 kg./10a. was not detected in this experiment.

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The causal fungi of tea die-back and canker disease were searched for 3 years since 1959, and the following more than 30 species of fungi were isolated:
Aspergillus sp.⁺, Botrytis sp.⁺, Chaetophoma sp.⁺, Colletotrichum sp.⁺, Diplodia sp., Fusarium spp., Leptosphaeria sp.⁺, Macrophoma sp.⁺, Nectria sp., Pestalotia spp^*., Phomopsis sp.⁺, Pullularia sp.⁺, Verticillium sp.⁺, unidentified fungi A-a^*, B, Q⁺, R⁺, S⁺, and about 10 different unidentified fungi⁺ The ^* fungi were common and ⁺ fungi rare. Samples were collected from Saitama, Shizuoka, Aichi, Mie, Nara, Miyazaki and Kagosbima prefectures.
There was no definite relation between the kinds of fungi and the symptoms of disease, varieties and ages of tea plant, locations of sampling, and brownness of specimen.Comprehensive inoculations, using different techniques of wounding and sevetal types of inoculum, were given on the shoot cuttings, sand cultured young seedlings in the laboratory, and on the different portions of tea plant in the field at various times of year.
Chaetophoma sp., Diplodia sp., Leptosphaeria sp., Nectria sp., Phomopsis sp., unidentified. fungi B, Q, R and S occasionally caused somewhat browning around the inoculated portions, but none of the fungi tested showed pathogenicity on the stem of matured plant.
It was remarkable that Pestalotia spp. and unidentified fungus A-a were not pathogenic at all, . though they were found very frequently.
It seems that some of these fungi may be pathogenic, but likely not be the cause of the disease, and the physiological conditions of the host may play a role in the outbreak of disease.

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1. A new die-back and canker disease occurred and has been giving heavy damages recently on tea plant, especially on "Benihomare" which is the best variety for black tea in Japan.
The disease shows wide range of symptoms, killing from only slender twings to the whole tea plant.
Most severe damage is brought, of course, when the collar part of the plant is attacked and killed. In such case, symptoms of the disease seem to be divided generally into three types.
Type A: All stems are attacked and killed, whole tea plant become to be decayed.
Type B: The dead part is limitted in one or two stems, unaffected part continues to grow.
Type C: The dead part gradually expands from stem to stem, but new sprouts come out from root, grow and fatten so quickly, that the tea plant as a whole remains undecayed.
2. Fruit bodies of such fungi as Guignardia sp., Nectria sp., Cryptospora sp., Diaporthe sp., Leptosphaeria sp., Macrophoma sp., Pestalotia spp., Patellaria sp., and Phomopsis sp. were found on diseased twigs or stems occasionally but not so often.
Some of these fungi were described as causal fungi of twig or stem diseases of tea plant by PETCH and HARA. But no one fungus was found to associate commonly with the "Benihomare" die-back and canker disease.
3. Any evidence was not seen that the infection through the wound of twigs by plucking occurred.
4. There seemed to be two or three causes which act to kill twigs of tea plant. It was observed that about 50% of twigs bearing infected leaves of Japanese Exobasidium blight (Exobasidiun reticulatum) died. The death initiated from the part where infected leaves attached.
The role of the Exobasidium reticulatum to the death of twigs was uncertain.
5. The death of twigs seemed to be limitted only to slender twigs. In no case, the death developed to stems and killed the whole plant. The death of whole plant may occur only when the collor part was attacked and killed.
6. The damage caused by the disease fairly increased year after year, but no tendency was found that the disease spread from a part of the field to surroundings as seen in other plant diseases.

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Application of fungicides with pipe duster in tea gardens showed that a considerable amount of dust could be penetrated into tea bush, although the best coverage of fungicides was seen at the top surface of tea bush.
The coverage was seldom affected by slight wind (0.62-1.56m./sec.).
This method of dust application proved to be practical and as effective as conventional dusting or spraying method on the control of white spot, anthracnose and Japanese Exobasidium blight of tea plant.

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The methoxyl content and difference spectra were examined of the tea soils derived from Red-yellowish soil, “Kuroboku” and volcanic ash soil and huminlike material.
The results were summarized as follows :
1) Methoxyl content decreased with increasing humification degree of these soils.
2) The order of methoxyl content (OCH₃-C/T-C × 100) of these soils was as follows: Red-yellowish soil (1 % ≥)> “Kuroboku” = volcanic ash soil (0.2%-0.6%).
The difference spectrum of humic acid in Red-yellowish soil indicated ligninlike pattern but those of “Kuroboku” and volcanic ash soil did not indicate such pattern.
In the difference spectrum, the absorption band of phenolic hydroxyl group which is conjugated through the benzene ring with a carbonyl group was not observed on humic acid of “Kuroboku” and volcanic ash soil.
3) The difference spectrum of humic acid was distinctly different between “Kuroboku” and volcanic ash soil.
4) The order of the methoxyl content of lignin, “Temporon” (soil conditioner of peat) and “Nitro humic acid” (soil conditioner : lignite was treated with nitric acid) was as follows : lignin (5.21%)> “Temporon” (2.08%) >“Nitro humic acid” (0.66%).
The difference spectrum of “Temporon” humic acid clearly indicated a ligninlike pattern but that of “Nitro humic acid” showed a completely different pattern.

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The nitrogenous characteristics of the tea soils derived from Fuji volcanic ash soil, Makinohara diluvial soils (red-yellow and "Kuroboku" soil) and Kakegawa tertiary soil were examined.
The results were summarized as follows:
1. The nitrogen content of ammonium form was much in the surface horizon in every soil and the nitrate content was relatively much in the 1st and 3rd horizons and little in the 2nd horizon. The content of both ammonium and nitrate was poor in the tea soil and the uncultivated soil and rich in the cultivated soil.
2. The dry effect of soil in Fuji soil and Makinohara "Kuroboku" soil having large content of humus was higher than that of Makinohara red-yellow soil and Kakegawa soil and it was higher in the tea soil and the uncueltivated soil than in the cultivated soil.
Generally, it was high in the surface horizon and low in the under horizon in every soil.
3. The absorption of ammonium by these soils was different with the kind of ammonium salt supplied and in every soil, the order of absorption of ammonium salt was as follows: amm. phosphate>amm. carbonate>amm. sulphate>amm. chloride. The absorbed quantity of ammonium from amm. phosphate and amm. carbonate was comparatively high in Fuji soil and Makinohara "Kuroboku" soil but that from amm. sulphate and amm. chloride was rather high in Makinohara red-yellow soil and Kakegawa soil. The cultivated soil absorbed every ammonium salt easier than the tea soil and the uncultivated soil.
4. The order of ammonification degree of these soils was as follows: Fuji soil>Kakegawa soil> Makinohara "Kuroboku"soil>Makinohara red-yellow soil after 2 days, but its degree was almost equal in every soil after one week. Generally, it was weaker in the tea soil than in the uncultivated and cultivated soil, and in every soil, its degree increased with the addition of calcium in the soil.
5. The nitrification was generally weak in soil, especially in Kakegawa soil. Among the every three kinds of soil, it was stronger in the cultivated soil than in the other two and it slightly increased with the addition of calcium in the soil.

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The phosphorus characteristics of tea soil derived from Fuji volcanic ash soil, Makinohara diluvial soil (red yellow and "Kuroboku" soil) and Kakegawa tertiary soil were examined.
The results were summarized as follows:
1. Both organic and inorganic phosphorus were contained abundantly in Fuji soil and Makinohara "Kuroboku" soil and less in Makinohara red yellow soil and Kakegawa soil. The phosphorus content of Al-, Fe- combined and other insoluble type was large and that of Ca-combined type was small and such tendency was remarkable in the tea soil.
2. The amount of absorption of phosphorus was highest in Fuji soil and next in Makinohara "Kuroboku" soil and that of Makinohara red yellow soil and Kakegawa soil was relatively low. Generally, the amount of absorption of phosphorus in the tea soil and uncultivated soil was higher than that of cultivated one.
3. The transformation of phosphorus added to the soil was investigated with ³²P and iwas detected that in Fuji soil and Makinohara "Kuroboku" soil, the phosphorus content transformed to Ca-, Fe type was low and that to Al- and other insoluble type was high but in Makinohara red yellow soil and Kakegawa soil the opposite tendency was shown. Generally, in the tea soil and uncultivated soil, the phosphorus content transformed to Ca type was low and that to the other type was high. The phosphorus content transformed to the Ca type decreased and that to the insoluble type increased with the depth of under horizons.

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The morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the tea soils of Kameyama and Suizawa districts in Mie prefecture were surveyed.
The result of survey was generally summarized as follows :
1. Kameyama tea soils belonged to the yellow-brown mineral soil having a few quantity of humus and heavy compact layers.
Suizawa tea soils belonged to the blackbrown humic soil having much quantity of humus and porous friable layers.
Accordingly, the general characteristics of Kameyama tea soils were mainly governed by the content of clay in soil and those of Suizawa tea soils were characterized by the content of humus in soils.
2. The amount of exchangeable bases was generally few and degree of base-saturation was low in every tea soil of Kameyama and Suizawa districts.
Cation exchange capacity of Kameyama tea soils was below 20me, however, that of Suizawa tea soils was as much as 30me.
3. In Kameyama tea soils except Fuke tea soils, the available phosphorus content was generally few and the absorption quotient of phosphorus was 500-900 and in Suizawa tea soils, the available phosphorus content was as few as Kameyama tea soils, but the absorption quotient was as high as 1000-3000, especially, that of layers with rich humus exceeded 2000.
4. The content of soluble aluminum was larger in Suizawa tea soils than in Kameyama ones.
The Kameyama tea soils contained more exchangeable aluminum (soluble in KCl solution) than active aluminum (soluble in acetic acid), but Suizawa tea soils showed the opposite tendency.

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For the determination of individual flavanols in tea leaf or green tea a paperchromatographic method is proposed from results of investigations of various estimating, conditions.
A weighed sample (1-2g. of fresh leaf or 100-200mg. of powderd tea) is extracted with acetone and an aliquot of the solution (corresponds to ca.2 mg. of fresh leaf) is subjected to chromatography. Two-dimensional ascending chromatography is carried out on 23×19cm. Whatman No.
1 paper using phenol-water (3:1) and a butanol-acetic acid-water mixture (4:1:2). The dried chromatogram is sprayed uniformly with a minimum volume of diluted diazotized sulfanilic acid.
The preparation of diazotized sulfanilic acid is as follows:To a solution of sulfanilic acid in 1.75% hydrochloric acid (0.5%) is added an equal volume of 0.5% aqueous sodium nitrite solution. This reagent is used for the preliminary revelation of flavanols after being diluted to 1/5-1/10 concentration with deionized water and for color reaction of the estimating solution after mixing with 2.5 volume of sodium acetate buffer (2%).
The detected spots are cut out and the flavanols are eluted from the paper with 9ml. of hot water. To these eluates is added 0.35ml. of diazosulfanilic acid solution buffered with sodium acetate and make up to 10ml. with water. The colored eluates are placed in a bath at 35°C. for 30 min. and after being cooled to room temperature the absorbances at 420mμ of them are measured spectrophotometrically. The calibration curve by use of each standard flavanol is available for the determination.
This method will ensure the determination of 10-50μg. of catechins with 1.5-9.3% of coefficients of variation.

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Data are presented showing the variation of the flavanolic constituents of tea leaves at the positions in plucked shoots and on the stages of growth under various seasons.
For this investigation the following samples were used:(a) Crops harvested at interval of 3-5 days throughout flush. (b) Shoot of four types, i. e. two leaves and a bud, three leaves and a bud, three leaves and a bud remo-ved coarser part and soft triple banjhi. (c) Component parts of shoots.
(-)-Epicatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epigallo-catechin in the above, samples were determined by paperchromatographic method and further proportional variations of flavanolic constituents in (b) and (c) were observed.
The results were as follows : From the beginning to the end of flush, the decreasing of (-)-epicatechin gallate and the increasing of (-)-epigallocatechin were characteristic of variation. The relatively earlier pluckings, especially in the second season were rich in (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Younger shoots and leaves were rich in galloyl flavanols and poor in free flavanols than more developed ones. The differences of the total content were not always definite except low value in banjhi and the fourth leaf. Stem was distinctly poor in flavanols except (-)-epicatechin. The samples of the second or the third season contained more flavanols than that of the first. Especially galloyl flavanols were accumulated in midsummer.
It is concluded that the most notable figures of variation with growth are the decreasing of galloyl flavanols and the increasing of (-)-epigallocatechin, so long as the shoot is developing or the leaf is expanding.

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The content of the flavanolic fractions, (-)-epicatechin gallate (I), (-)-epicatechin (II), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate(III), (-)-epigallo-catechin (IV), (+)-gallocatechin (V), (+)-catechin (VI), gallic acid or (-)-gallocatechin gallate (VII) and several other polyphenols was compared in the leaf of tea plants which belonged to Assam variety (A), China variety (C) and its Japan jat (N), and their mutual hybrids.
The tested clones were Akane (AN), Benitachiwase (AN), C17 (C), Benikaori (AN), Tadanishiki (A), Hatsumomiji (AN), Benihomare (A), Satsumabeni (NA), and Benifuji (AC) used for black tea, Yabukita (N), Z1 (N), Y2 (N), U4 (N), Horyoku (A), Karabeni (C), Tamamidori (N), Mie 260 (N), Asatsuyu (N) and Miyoshi (N) used for green tea. The tea plants signatured with A and C are raised in Japan from the seed of Assam and China plants. Further Caucasian, Taiwan indigenous (A), P1 (C), S52 (N), S6 (N), Koro, Seishin (C), Boh (A) and Ceylon (A) were chosen on the account of characteristic features or differences of origin.
During the first, second and third flushes, shoot of each clone which consisted of three leaves and a bud was plucked from a labeled bush grown in this station and was subjected to the estimation of each flavanolic fraction. While hand-made black tea was prepared from these materials and tasted with the liquor characters.
The clones for black tea were richer in all flavanolic fractions, especially in (III) and (I)+(III) except (II) than those for green tea. The latters showed higher proportion of the free flavanols (II)+(IV), although they were rather inferior with absolute quantities of (IV) to the formers. Tasting of black tea indicated a considerable correlation between the scores for color and the galloyl flavanols content (I)+(III).
The relative proportion of the four predominant flavanols (I), (III), (III), (IV) to the totals (I)+(II)+(III)+(IV) in these samples were as follows : The first crop, (I) 11.7-23.1%, av. 16.7%; (II) 3.6-13.9%, av. 8.7%; (III) 39.1-65.1%, av. 51.2% ; (IV) 13.4-34.6%, av. 23.4% ; The second crop, (I) 13.0-25.9%, av. 18.7% ; (II) 4.5-10.9%, av. 7.1% ; (III) 46.5-63.2%, av. 56.9% ; (IV) 11.5-28.0%, av. 17.3% ; The third crop, (I) 10.1-20.4%, av. 15.6% ; (II) 3.9-11.6%, av. 6.0% ; (III) 43.0-66.8%, av. 58.8% ; (IV) 13.8-32.6%, av. 19.6%.
Several clones, i.e. Y2, Seishin, Koro, Benikaori, P1, Caucasian differed considerably from average in flavanolic composition. However most clones resembled each other in their make-up.
(+)-Catechin (VI) was not detected with only several clones. Gallic acid or (-)-gallocatechin gallate (VII) was found in certain clones.
The plants related Assam variety showed generally higher total flavanol content than the Chinese and Japanese. However the varietal difference in relative proportions of the various fractions was not obvious.

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Polyphenolic substances of the nutshell of tea-seeds were extracted with hot acetone, and its extract was fractionated into five fractions with organic solvents, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol (see Figure 1). Tannins, flavonoides and leucoanthocyanins obtained in each fraction were investigated successively (see Table 1 and Figures 2-12), the following chemical substances were identified ; l-epigallo-catechol, dl-gallocatechol, l-epicatechol, dlca-techol, l-epigallocatechol gallate and l-epica-techol gallate as the tannin substances, and more, leucocyanidin glycoside and an unknown leuco-anthocyanidin glycoside-mono or diglycoside connected with sugar component such as glucose and glucuronic acid - as leucoanthocyanins ; but, flavonoides almost aid not existed in the nutshell of tea-seeds.

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Various polysaccharides - starch, ?? pectin, polysaccharide ?? from ?? fraction ?? 1 ?? to ?? 6 ??- were obtained ?? from ?? tea-leaves ?? after ?? fractionating according to ?? the ?? method ?? sbowed ?? in ?? Figure ?? 1.
The conponent sugars and their molar ?? ratios of the obtained poly saccharides ?? were clarified as Table 5.

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Pectic substances were isolated respectively from each portion, i, e., leaf, stem, root, petal and seed of tea-plant, and were purified repeatedly by the degalactan treatment and the method of reprecipitation with ethanol.
Chemical properties of the obtained pectic substances (pectinic acids) were summarized in Table 1.
It was clarified that these pectic substances belonged to a kind of hetero-galactans composed of the galactose-, galacturonic acid-and arabinose residue ; the ratio of galactose : galacturonic acid : arabinose was 4 : 2 : 1 in leaf, 7 : 2 : 1 in stem and 5 : 1 : 2 in seed, however, that obtained from root was homogalactan composed only of the galactose residue, moreover, that from petal was a kind of heteroarabans composed of the arabinose-, galactose-galacturonic acid-, ribose- and xylose residue

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