Many isolates belonging to gram-negative rod bacteria were collected in 1966 from the inpatients at geographically scattered hospitals in Japan. Nine hundred and thirty one strains included Escherichia, coli (42. 8%), Escherichia freundii (3. 3 %), Klebsiella (12. 1%), Aerobacter (4. 5%), Proteus (11. 5%), Pseudomonas (24. 0%) cultures and others (2. 0 %). They were found to be resistant to tetracyc line (TC), chloramphenicol (CP), streptomycin (SM) and sulfanilamide (SA), or to various combinations thereof. Among the strains resistant to TC, CP, SM and SA, triply and quadruply resistant strains -were isolated most frequently and many of them carried R factors which are transferable by mixed -cultivation. However, the R factors were not detected so far from the strains belonging to the Pseudoinonas group. Among the strains resistant to AB-PC or KM, the R factors which carry resistance to AB-PC or KM were isolated. The strains resistant to other drugs than the aforementioned 4 drugs, TC, CP, SM and SA, were not so remarkable and they included the strains resistant to KM(8. 1%), FRM(6. 6%), GM(1. 2%), AB-PC (15. 7%), CER (15. 3%), CET (14. 0%), CLS (18. 6%), PMB (18. 3%), NA(11. 7%) and FT(16. 5%). It should be noted that the Pseudomonas cultures were resistant to many drugs except for CLS, CLM, PBM and GM. It was found that triply and quadruply resistant st rains among those resistant to TC, CP, SM and SA, become resistant easily and consequently multiply resistant when a new drug is introduced.

View full abstract

Infections in premature infants or newborn babies may require empirical treatment with a broadspectrum and low-toxic antibiotic before bacteriological data are available. A combined therapy of amkicillin with cloxacillin would possibly meet this requirement.
In this report, Ampiclox, a combination drug of the two penicillins, was tested for antibacterial activities, serum levels and clinical responses in premature or newborn. The results ob tained were as follows.
1) Based on the serum levels the optimum dose of administration was considered 0. 3 to 0. 6 ml per once, four times daily in oral route or one vial per once, two times or more in intramuscular one.
2) With a possible marked change of bacterial flora, which is characteristic in respiratory tracts of premature or new-born with respiratory infection, the concomitant change of its sensitivity to Ampiclox has been discussed, related to the clinical siginificance of treatment with this agent.
3) Ampiclox was administered to 48 cases of pneumonia, acute respiratory infection, pyodermatitis etc., with the effectiveness rate of 72. 9%.
No side reaction was observed but a slight gastrointestinal consequence.

View full abstract

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were isolated from pelvic lymph nodes and parametric tissues extirpated in the surgery of uterine cancer and the susceptibilities to antibiotics were also investigated.
In 71 cases of of uterine cancer, consisting of 4 cases of cancer of the corpus, one c ase of vaginal cancer, one case of ovarian cancer and 65 cases of cervical cancer, aerobes were found in 53. 9% of the pelvic lymph nodes and 48. 9% in the parametric tissues and anaerobes were seen in 20. 1% in the lymph nodes and 11. 3% in the parametric tissues. The bacteria positive cases were increasingly observed with the advancing of stages, but in the parametric tissues the percentages of bacteria positive cases were almost of the same except in stage I. The aerobes positive nodes were seen in the following order; the obturator nodes, external iliac nodes, external suprainguinal nodes, internal suprainguinal nodes, sacral nodes, internal iliac nodes, common iliac nodes, paraaortic nodes and cardinal ligament nodes. which was also applicable for anaerobes.
Aerobes were less frequently observed in nodes smaller than a grain of rice and almost in same percentage in nodes larger than azuki beans. There was no specific relation between the percentage of anaerobes positive nodes and the sizes. The bacteria positive nodes were more often observed in nodes with necrosis and apparently less in nodes without necrosis.
Isolated specimens were represented by Escherichia coli f or aerobes and by streptococci for anaerobes.
The aerobes isolated were relatively well susceptible to antibiotics and the isolated anaerobes' susceptibilities were well maintained to other antibiotics except. kanamycin, colistin and streptomycin.

View full abstract

It is the purpose of this paper to try to standardize the evaluation of clinical efficacy i n treating various infectious diseases by chemotherapy with score index.
In this study, clinical efficacy was evaluated by the use of tentative criteria which has been already proposed by few doctors.
Criteria for dys entery was proposed by Dr. T. TAKIGAMI, common cold by Dr. M. KAJI, Japanese encephalitis by Dr. M. YOKOTA, diphtheria by Dr. S. YANAGISHITA, pyelonephritis by Dr. Y. UEDA, biliary infection by Dr. K. MASHIMO, bacterial pneumonia by Dr. Y. UEDA and lung abscess by Dr. I. FUKAYA.
Results were as follows:
1) Although several bot tlenecks existed to describe physiopathology and clinical efficacy by score index, it was felt better for the objective evaluation.
2) This method enabled us the evaluation of clinical efficacy from different institutes and hospitals easy and more precise interpolation.
3) However few poi nts of note should be mentioned. They are:
a) to define severity of diseases with some score. For instance, severe is more than 15 points, moderate 8 to 14 and mild less than 7.
b) to determine clinical efficacy by comp aring of pre and post treatment score.
c) to make score index as simple as possible to the least reliability becaus e complex score index is not easily applicable in daily practice at ease even though it is excellent.
4) In the committee for evaluation of chemotherapeutic efficacy, it is desi rable to determine authorized criteria for evaluation of chemotherapy.
5) Finally, it is hoped that doctors in this field apply this score index actively to daily practice_ and discuss to make better criteria for evaluation of chemotherapeutic efficacy in infectious diseases.

View full abstract

The functions of reticuloendothelial system (RES) in cancer patients are inactive and reduced further in all patients with cancer chemotherapy. Such reduction of RES functions may be unfavorable to the effect of anti-cancer chemotherapy. The reduction of activities of delayed hypersensitivity appears also in accordance with lymphopenia cancer patients. With this point of view, the author studied on the value of RES function in anti-cancer chemotherapy. As activators of RES functions, the followings were studied: γ-globulin, Solcoseryl and Protein. anabolic Steroids. A mark ed effect was observed with γ-globulin combined with anticancer chemotherapy. Improvement of RES functions to normal level was found in majority of cases. Solcoseryl and Protein anabolic Steroids showed no effect. The principal change in the immunoelectro-phoretic pattern with injection of human γ-globulin was the extension of the γ₂-globulin arc (Ig. G). From these results, one one of the most promising approaches to anticancer chemotherapy seems to, be in the prevention of the reduction of RES functions in cancer patients.

View full abstract