The therapeutic efficacy of intravenous administration of methacolimycin in patients with complicated urinary tract infections has been determined.
Twenty patients were given 2×10⁴ units of methacolimycin by means of intravenous injection twice a day for 3 to 10 days. Urinary organisms isolated from the patients were gram negative bacilli ; Pseudomonas 2 strains. E. coli 2 strains and Klebsiella 1 strain, and gram positive cocci ; Staphylococcus 3 strains, Enterococcus 3 strains and Micrococcus 1 strain. Three patients had mixed infections from both the bacilli and cocci.
The results obtained were as follows : Good effect was obtained in 9 patients and poor effect in 7 patients. In 4 of the 7 patients, no organism was isolated. No serious side effect was found, but remarkably elevated serum transaminase level was noted in 1 patient.

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On the new cephalosporin C antibiotic, cefazolin, the pharmacokinetics study following a single 1, 000 mg intravenous administration was performed in anuric patients due to chronic renal failure.
In subjects with normal renal function, it has reported that cefazolin mainly excreted by kidneys and partially by liver, and the half life was about 1.6 hours after a single 500 mg intravenous administration.
In anuric patients with chronic renal failure, the half life of the drug (T/2) was surprisingly prolonged (T/2=115.06 hrs). The rate of removal of the drug from serum (Ks) was markedly decreased as well as the clearance of the drug from serum (Cs) was decreased (Ks= 0.6%/hr, Cs=.0.7 ml/min.).
In the group of anuric patients on hemodialysis, the half life (T/2) was markedly shortened than. that in the group of anuric patients between dialysis.
The clearance of the drug by artificial kidney (C_k) was 8.96 ml/min., and the rate of removal of the drug from artificial kidney was 8.27%/hr. These findings revealed the dialysibility of cefazolin might be less compared with that of cephaloridine or cephalothin.
In patients on peritoneal dialysis, T/2 was less shortened than that on hemodialysis. Because the clearance of the drug by the peritoneum and the removal rate of the drug from the peritoneum were less than 1/2 in patients on hemodialysis.
In the group administered the drug intraperitoneally during peritoneal dialysis, the mean rate of absorption of the drug through the peritoneum was 32 to 65% of the total dose of administration.

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It frequently occurs that the determination of sulfa-drugs by bioassay is impossible by incomplete inhibition zone or no sharp edge of inhibition zone. To solve this problem, B. megaterium IFO 12108, highly sensitive to sulfadimethoxine (SDM), as a test organism and a new assay medium, composed of 0. 7% glucose, 0, 1%K11₂PO₄, 0.1% (NH₄) ₂ HPO₄, 0. 05% NaN0₈, 0. 5% NaCl, 0. 04% MgSO₄ 7 H₂0, 0.1 m1%, salts sol. and 1.8% agar, were selected. Preparation of inoculum, drying conditions of paper-discs, etc. were also examined to determine sulfa-drugs in a small amount of blood sample. Consequently, a new assay method, using thin layer-paper disc method was established. By this method, SDM, sulfaphenazole and sulfisomidine can be determined in the range of 1. 25-15, 1. 25-15 and 10-50 ml, respectively. The error of the assay on each 5 plates was 94 to 107% of the mean and this method was found to have almost same accuracy as that of the cup assay of antibiotics.
Moreover the binding ratio of SDM with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and plasma level of SDM were determined by this method and the followings were revealed : In the presence of 4% BSA in vitro, active SDM concentration was almost 10% of the total and the plasma level in rabbit was about one-tenth of chemical assay value by BRATTON-MARSHALL method.

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In order to clarify the effect of food on gastrointestinal absorption of thiamphenicol (TP), TP capsules were administered to human subjects after fasting overnight or after two types of breakfast (balanced meal or high lipid meal).
The urinary excretion data demonstrated that there were no significant differences in the extent of TP absorption with or without meals, but the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract significantly decreased initial TP absorption rate and then increased the following absorption rate. Balanced meal showed stronger effect on the absorption pattern than high lipid meal.

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The antitumor effect has been screened for 12 years since 1962 on the water-extracted components of about 150 samples from Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta collected at the coast of the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean.
Some of their extracts showed an antitumor effect on EHRLICH ascites carcinoma cells transplanted intraperitoneally in mice. Among these active extracts, the biological and chemical properties were studied on the partially purified fractions of Sargassaceae.
The water extracts of Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh, S. tortite C. Agardh and S. hemiphyllum C. Agardh were separated by dialysis, salting out with ammonium sulphate and gel-filtration, and fractionated to crude polysaccharide fraction, crude protein containing fraction and low molecular fraction.
Each fraction inhibited the growth of EHRLICH ascites carcinoma cells and Sarcoma-180 cells both transplanted subcutaneously and intraperitoneally in mice.

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Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of two nitrofuran derivatives, panazon and panfuran S for 100 strains including 76 species of anaerobes, were examined by plate dilution method. Growth of almost all of anaerobes tested were inhibited by concentration less than 1μg/ml of both antibiotics. This results thus indicate that the antibiotics have excellent in vitro antibacterial activities for anaerobes.
The presence of SH-compounds in the medium caused various degrees of reduction of antibacterial activities of the antibiotics. For reproducibility of MIC of the antibiotics it is preferable to use medium supplemented with no SH-compounds such as cysteine.

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It is considered that the blood level of antibiotics is one of important factors on the chemotherapy for infections, as well as MIC against causative organism. The blood levels of cephaloridine given, to subjects intramuscularly were reported in many papers. However, as far as the blood levels of 0.5 g and 1 g dose of cephaloridine were concerned, the reported peak levels, times of peak level and half-lives were widely varied. Therefore, for the purpose of confirmation on these issues, the study on absorption and excretion of cephaloridine by cross-over method was conducted at the doses of 0.5 g and 1 g intramuscular injections to 6 normal subjects. The superposition method was used for the assay, using Streptococcus hemolyticus Denken as the indicator organism.
The average peak serum level at 1/2 hr after the injection was 16.7 μg/ml and 35.2 μg/ml for the 0.5 g and 1 g dose, respectively. In both of the doses, the average serum half-life was approximately 1.5 hrs.

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The effect of administration of antitumor drugs on serum levels of CET and CER was examined by both filter-paper disc agar diffusion method and cup plate method.
When antitumor drugs having both antitumor and antibacterial activity, such as MMC and DM, were combined with either CET or CER, synergism was observed.
In combinations of antimetabolic drugs, such as CA and 6 MP-R, with either CET or CER, the combined effect was either independent or antagonistic. For instance, independent action was seen in CA plus CET or CER, and in 6 MP-R plus CET, and antagonistic action was seen in 6 MP-R plus CER.
6 MP, another antimetabolite, in combination with CET or CER showed a synergistic action when tested by the filter-paper disc agar diffusion method, thus suggesting the presence of a low-grade antibacterial activity against Bacillius subtilis ATCC 6633.
The serum level of CER seems to be more strongly influenced by antitumor drugs than does that of CET. On the basis of the results obtained here, caution should be paid in the interpretation of serum levels of CET and CER when antitumor drugs are used simultaneously.

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Agar dilution method with GAM agar (Nissui) has been used for susceptibility testing of anaerobes in our laboratory. MIC of an antibiotic for an organism has to be defined according to the condition of test.
Strains tested are grown in GAM broth (Nissui) anaerobicaly. Semisolid culture is not appropriate as inoculum. It is possible that a 6-hour culture in GAM broth is employed as inoculum. A 6-hour culture has 10⁵ to 10⁶ living cells per ml. This inoculum is applied very easily and rapidly to the surface of the susceptibility plates by means of a multiporpous apparatus. The plates are incubated at 37°C in anaerobic jars (Steelwool copper sulfate method ; CO₂ 10%, N₂ 90%), and are read after about 48 hours of incubation.

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The bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of bronopol and chlorhexidine were compared.
Though generally inferior to chlorhexidine in bacteriostatic activity, bronopol had a relatively strong antibacterial effect on Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive bacteria. Especially, bronopol manifested an activity being not at all inferior to that of chlorhexidine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. However, bronopol was far inferior to chlorhexidine in both rapidity and strength of bactericidal effect. Addition of serum had little influence upon the bacteriostatic of bronopol.

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