A dose response study on therapeutic effect of cinoxacin (CINX) on acute simple cystitis in women was performed by a double blind method.
(1) Urinary concentrations of CINX after 10-12 hours in 6 healthy male volunteers were 20 ± 4, 9 ± 2, 3 ± 2 and 1 ± 1 μg/ml for a dose of CINX 400, 200, 100 and 50 mg respectively.
(2) The major part of isolates from urine in the patients was E. coli, and 98.2%of those E. coli was less than 3.13 μg/ml in the MIC values.
6 percents of the clinical causative organisms were Gram (+) cocci, and the MIC values of those were higher than 800 μg/ml.
(3) Overall clinical efficacy (effective rate) was 100, 91, 96 and 91% for the each dose group of 800, 400, 200 and 100 mg/day (b. i. d.) of CINX respectively. With the exception of Gram (+) Cocci, clinical efficacy was more higher as 100, 97.6, 98.0 and 97.8% for the each dose group of 800, 400, 200 and 100 mg/day respectively.
And the dose response of CINX showed no significant difference, but considering Gram (+) cocci, the group of 800 mg/day of CINX was seen best dosage in the study.

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For the purpose to base on the clinical application in the field of biliary tract infection, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effect of antibiotic was studied on experimental biliary tract infection model for rabbit, and the result was follows.
1) Biliary tract infection for rabbits were studied in two cases, i. e. the incomplete obstruction group and the complete obstruction group.
2) The complete obstruction group was different from the incomplete obstruction group on liver functions, limulus lysate test, mortality and those were similar to acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC) in human that Reynolds reported in 1958.
3) Transfer to the biliary system of cefoperazone was by far superior to that of cefazolin, cephalothin and cefmetazole, and antibacterial activity of cefoperazone on biliary tract infection was most excellent in comparison with their such antibiotics against both the incomplete and the complete obstruction group.

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Some properties of chlorhexidine (CH)-resistant Serratia were compared with the parent strain.
Extracellular production of serratiopeptidase (a kind of metal protease) by CH-resistantSerratiawas about 10% less than that of the parent strain, may be because of the rigidness of cell envelope.
CH concentration which brought about maximum leakage of cell constituents was 64μg/ml in the parent, and twice as much in the CH-resistant strain.
Lipid content in the CH-resistant strain was higher than that of the parent, however, there was no differences in the kind and the ratio of fatty acids between both strains. Therefore, difference in the lipid content was thought to be significant in relation to the structural difference of the cell envel+L153ope of CH-resistant straint.

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Changes of infecting organisms isolated from outpatients with urinary tract infections (UTI) were studied from 1972 through 1979. Organisms which were isolated from patients with bacteriuria of over 10⁴ bacteria per ml of urine and pyuria of over 10 WBCs per hpf in acute or uncomplicated UTI or over 5 WBCs per hpf in chronic or complicated UTI were regarded as cousative organisms.
1. Acute UTI with signi: cant bacteriuria and pyuria were observed in 3-4% of cases in outpatients every year and chronic UTI were in 4-5% of cases in outpatients.
2. E. coli was most predominant in acute UTI with isolation frequency of 70-86% every year, followed by S. epidermidis in nearly every year. K. pneumoniae, P.mirabilis and S. faecalis were also isolated steadily every year. Infecting organisms in acute UTI were generally composed of these: ve species of bacteria.
3. Although many kinds of bacteria were isolated in chronic UTI, E. coli was isolated most frequency with isolation frequency of 24-41%, followed by S. faecalis (12-22%), P.aeruginosa (7-14%) and K. pneumoniae (6-13%). S. marcescens which was implicated in human infectious disease as opportunistic pathogen in recent years was: rst isolated in 1975 and made 5.7% in 1977, but was on the decrease these two years. On the other hand P. morganii (indole positive Proteus) and glucosenonfermenting gram-negative rods (GNF-GNR) were on the increase.
4. The isolation frequency of every kind of bacteria in uncomplicated UTI were similar to those of every kind of bacteria in acute UTI, and the results in complicated UTI were similar to those in chronic UTI.
5. S. faecalis was isolated most frequently followed by P.aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae in cases with polymicrobial infections.
6. The tendency to increase of gram-positive cocci in acute or chronic UTI and P.morganii and GNF-GNR in chronic UTI would be worth attention hereafter.
7. Although the pathogenicity of S. faecalis has been overlooked as contaminant, it would be needed to evaluate the role of S. faecalis on UTI, especially on polymicrobial infections.

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Clinical bacteriological study to the strains isolated from the urine of patients with acute simple cystitis was conducted from June 1979 to February 1980.
The distribution of the isolated strains and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against these strains of nalidixic acid (NA), pipemidic acid (PPA), ampicillin (ABPC), carbenicillin (CBPC), cephalexin (CEX), cephalothin (CET) and gentamicin (GM), were as follows.
1. Presence of 789 strains were detected by isolation and identification of 742 specimens with 10⁴ per ml or more 10⁴ per ml of total organisms. There were 7 cases in which E. coli with different properties were isolated from one specimen.
2. The distribution of 789 strains isolated from 742 specimens was as follows:
E. coli 75.3% S. epidermidis 12.4% K. pneumoniae 5.3% P.mirabilis 3.8% S. faecalis 3.1% P.aeruginosa 1.3% A. calcoaceticus 0.9%
3. MIC of NA, PPA, ABPC, CBPC, CEX, CET and GM were determined against E. coli (559 strains), K. pneumoniae (39 strains), P.mirabilis (28 strains) and Citrobacter spp.(7 strains) out of isolated strains. According to inoculum size of 10⁶ CFU per ml, NA showed several percent levels in the presence of high MIC strains (≥ 100 μg/ml) in all 4 species.
As for CEX and CET, they showed several percent level in the presence of high MIC strains in E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P.mirabilis and they also had the tendency to show high MIC against C. freundii and low MIC against C. ditersus.
The presence of high MIC strains in PPA and GM were not observed in all 4 species.
On the other hand, ABPC and CBPC resulted in reflecting unsufficient properties of antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, and the percentage of the presence of high MIC strains (≥100 μg/ml) was observed in E. coli. over 20 percent.

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In vitro inhibitory effects of minocycline in combination with amikacin on the growth of a total of 107 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli were examined by a checker board dilution method. Following strains were included in this experiment; 15 strains of P. aeruginosa, 18 strains of E. coli, 25 strains of K. pneumoniae and 49 strains of Serratia marcescens (20 of the 49 strains were epidemic strains of a nosocomial episode in Iwaki City Hospital).
The average fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC index) of minocycline in combination with amikacin against E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 0.43. Thus, the combined effects were found to be synergistic. The average FIC index against P. aeruginosa was 0.63, that against Serratia marcescens0.56 and that against the epidemic strains in Iwaki City Hospital 0.73. Thus, it was found that the inhibitory effects of minocycline in combination with amikacin on the growth of P. aeruginosa and Serratia was not synergistic, but only additive.
Four of 107 strains tested were selected at random and the effects of minocycline in combination with amikacin on the growth of the above four strains was examined in broth by counting the viable cells.
In a strain of Serratia, on which the inhibitory effect of minocycline in combination with amikacin had exerted antagonistic effects, as evaluated by a checker board dilution method, the combined effects on growth in broth was antagonistic as well.
The growth inhibitory effects of minocycline plus amikacin on one strain each of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Serratia were confined by a checker board dilution method, and then experiments of similar nature in broth were undertaken.
The number of viable cells in two-drug experiment, in which the concentrations of both drugs were below 1 MIC, decreased at 2 hour of incubation to less than 1:1, 000 as compared with that found in the single-drug experiment.
Thus, it was found that minocycline in combination with amikacin, at the concentrations below 1 MIC each, exerted a synergistic and bactericidal action against these 3 strains.

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Ceftizoxime (CZX), a new cephalosporanic antibiotic was administered to seven patients with meningitis after neurosurgical operation for brain tumor or cerebral contusion.
The administration method was 2 to 6 grams daily for 6 to 27 days by intravenous injection or drip infusion. CSF concentration of CZX was measured in 4 patients and the following results were obtained.
1. CSF concentration of CZX after dosing with 1, 2 and 3g were respectively 1.45-3.0, 1.99 and 6.08, μg/ml.
2. The clinical result was excellent in four patients, good in two patients and fair in one patient, no ineffective case was observed.
3. Neither subjective nor objective side effects related to the antibiotic were observed. No abnormal laboratory findings were noted.
4. These results indicate that CZX is a promising systemic antibiotic for the treatment of meningitis after neurosurgical craniotomy.

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