CHEMOTHERAPY
Online ISSN : 1884-5894
Print ISSN : 0009-3165
ISSN-L : 0009-3165
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Volume 39, Issue 10
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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  • CURRENT STATUS OF BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCTION BY CLINICAL ISOLATES: STUDIES IN 432 HOSPITALS
    Takeshi Yokota
    1991 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 941-952
    Published: October 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11250/chemotherapy1953.39.941
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Beta-lactamase production may be the most frequently encountered mechanism of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. A nationwide study was conducted to investigate the differences in beta-lactamase production according to geography and clinical materials, and the influence of beta-lactamase on sensitivity to antibiotics. Beta-lactamase production was evaluated in 90, 097 strains of clinical isolates. Of eight representatives of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria, the highest production was found in Enterobacter cloacae (87.9%), and Serratia marcescens (87.3%), and the lowest in Haemophilus influenzae (15.4%). A high (63.7%) beta-lactamase producer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from eight areas showed geographical differences in the rate of production. Beta-lactamase producing pathogens were detected in more than 50% of clinical materials studied, such as open pus, closed pus, sputum, blood, etc. Pathogens producing high levels of beta-lactamase showed high sensitivity to sulbactam/cefoperazone in combination with a beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam and cefoperazone: sensitivity was 82.7% for Staphylococcus aureus and 80.1% for P.aeruginosa.
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  • ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CEFIXIME AGAINST HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE IN THE PRESENCE OF MORAXELLA (BRANIIAMELLA) TARRHALIS
    Toshihiko Yamada, Yoshiko Yokota, Fumiaki Ikeda, Yasuhiro Mine, Takahi ...
    1991 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 953-960
    Published: October 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11250/chemotherapy1953.39.953
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The MIC80S of cefixime, cefteram, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime and refotiam against of 120 strains of Haemophilus influenzae including β-lactamase producing strain were 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 1.56 and 1.56μg/ml, respectively and against 40 strains Moraxella (Branhatnella) catarrhalis of were 0.39, 1.56, 1.56, 3.13 and 1.56μg/ml, respectively. We compared the antibacterial activity of cefixime with that of cefteram, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime and cefotiam against H. influenzae alone and H. influenzae in the presence of β-lactamase-producing M. (B.) catarrhalis. The inhibition zones of cefuroxime against H. influenzae on the basal layer of M. (B.) catarrhalis were markedly reduced among these test drugs by agar double-layer method. In contrast, the inhibition zones of cefixime against β-lactamase-producing and non-producing H. influenzae in the presence of M. (B.) catarrhalis were hardly affected among the test drugs with this method. Cefixime was hardly degraded in a culture broth of β-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and M. (B.) catarrhalis and was markedly stable. Reduction of disc inhibition zones against H. influenzae in the presence of M. (B.) catarrhalis was due to the relationship of antibacterial activity and stability to the β-lactamases of the drugs.
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  • BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCTION BY INDIGENOUS BACTERIA IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
    1. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
    Koichi Deguchi, Nozomi Yokota, Masami Koguchi, Yutaka Nakane, Yumiko S ...
    1991 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 961-967
    Published: October 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11250/chemotherapy1953.39.961
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The causative organisms in upper respiratory tract infections are β-lactamase non-producing strains such as Streptococcus spp., while β-lactamase-producing strains were frequently isolated as socalled aerobic “indigenous bacteria” from throat swabs of 200 patients with upper respiratory tract infections caused by a single organism.
    1. The suspected causative organisms were mainly β-streptococci (59.5%), Haemophilus influenzae (12.5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (4.5%). However, β-lactamase-producing strains were detected in 72.0-84.6% of the indigenous bacteria isolated from the throat swabs of patients with infection by a single causative organism.
    2. The β-lactamase-producing strains of the indigenous bacteria colonized with suspected causative organisms were mainly Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Branhamella catarrhalis and Haemophilus parainfluenzae.
    3. We suggest that the β-lactamase produced by indigenous strains may be one of the factors of “indirect pathogenicity” in upper respiratory tract infections.
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  • SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY OF FLOMOXEF AND CEFAMANDOLE AGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
    Yoshinao Kobayashi, Naomi Sonobe, Masayoshi Doi, Kazuhisa Murakami, Ta ...
    1991 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 968-975
    Published: October 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11250/chemotherapy1953.39.968
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    In vitro antibacterial activity of the combination of flomoxef (FMOX) and cefamandole (CMD) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was evaluated by checkerboard dilution method. The combination showed synergistic activity against 181 (95%) of 190 MRSA strains with a minimal fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) of less than 0.5. Furthermore, the MICs of both antibiotics were less than 1.6μg/ml against 65 % of strains when administered in combination. Removal of the 7 α-methoxy substituent from FMOX resulted in diminution of the synergistic effect suggesting that inhibitory action of FMOX against penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP 4) was involved in its synergistic effect because 7 α-methoxy conferred on the compound an affinity for PBP 4. This in vitro synergistic activity was reflected in the therapeutic efficacy of the combination against experimental infections in mice intraperitoneally challenged with MRSA.
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  • BONE TISSUE CONCENTRATION OF OFLOXACIN
    Eisaku Sano, Yoshiki Otsuka, Kanako Nakasuji, Fuki Hirano, Shigeki Mot ...
    1991 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 976-981
    Published: October 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11250/chemotherapy1953.39.976
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    We studied the concentration of ofloxacin, in some tissues, especially bone, and obtained the following results.
    1) In rabbits, the areas under the curve (AUC) of tissues, except femoral bone cortex and mandibular bone cortex were all superior to those of serum. The AUG of the submandibular gland was the largest of the soft oral tissues (56.49μg·h/g). Next were the gingiva, and the submandibular lymphnodes. In bone tissues, the AUG of submandibular bone marrow was largest (34.41μg·h/g). The T1/2 of mandibular bone marrow and the cortex were longer than the other tissues. We consider that the concentration of ofloxacin (OFLX) in mandibular bone is maintained over considerable periods.
    2) In patients, the concentrations of OFLX in the mandible were 19-53% of serum concentrations.
    3) The antibacterial activity of OFLX was inferior to that of ampicillin, but 1 to 2 dilutions superior to that of cefaclor against aerobic Gram-positive bacteria.
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  • SALIVA, SPUTUM AND SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF OFLOXACIN IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
    Kouichi Wada, Takashi Kawashima, Hiroki Tsukada, Norio Suzuki, Yoshino ...
    1991 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 982-988
    Published: October 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11250/chemotherapy1953.39.982
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    We assayed by HPLC the concentration of ofloxacin (OFLX) in serum, seliva and sputum of 20 patients with chronic respiratory tract infection who had been given 300mg of OFLX orally. Ofloxacin values in serum, saliva and sputum were 3.16, 2.35, 2.74μg/ml (Cmax); 3.58, 4.22, 4.99 (Tmax); 2.75, 3.27, 3.95h (T1/2); and 30.91, 27.17, 37.91μg · h/ml (AUC) Aclose correlation was found between serum and saliva concentrations (Y=-0.14+0.78X, R=0.77) and serum and sputum concetrations (Y=-0.18+0.92X, R=0.75). The Tmax and T1/2 in saliva were prolonged in patients of advanced age. Our findings showed that OFLX penetrated into saliva and sputum at high levels, and that its pharmacokinetics can be calculated by HPLC assay of saliva.
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  • PYURIA AFTER TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATECTOMY
    A LONG FOLLOW-UP STUDY ON OFLOXACIN
    Kimio Fujita, Hisashi Matsushima, Akio Munakata
    1991 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 989-991
    Published: October 25, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11250/chemotherapy1953.39.989
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Eighty-three patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy were treated with oral ofloxacin. Pre-operatively, 17 patients had urinary infection with more than 104cfu/ml, and 66 were sterile. Postoperatively, bacteriuria was found in 2/15 (13.3%) of pre-operative UTI patients and in 2/61Kimio, Fujita;Hisashi, Matsushima;Akio, Munakata (3.3%) of pre-operatively sterile patients. Twelve weeks after surgery, the incidence of pyuria was 1/14 (7.1%) and 5/57 (8.8%) for each group.
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