The object of the present study is to see the effect of castration on the growth of body and the weight of various organs in the domestic bowl. The results obtained may be summarized as follows.
1. On compairing the body weight of thecastrated with that of the normal cocks it is found that the growth of the castrated begins to decrease from 3 weeks after castration. The difference of the body weight between them is remarkable at 6 weeks after castration; since then the castrated cocks grow vigorously and their weight becomes equal to that of the controls.
2. As the result of castration the pituitary body is strikingly enlarged, the increase of weight being about 30 per cent in favour of the castrated.
3. The thyroid glands of the castrated are considerably heavier than those of the normal cocks, the difference being on the average about 20 per cent.
4. As in the mammal the thymus glands of capons are remarkably heavier than those of the normal cocks. When one compares the average weight of the thymus of the capons with that of the normal cocks, it is found that the thymus of the castrated appears to be about 200 per cent. heavier than that of the normal coeks.
5. The hearts of the capons are strikingly smaller than those of the normal cocks, the average weight of the organs of capons being about 30 per cent. smaller.
6, The male copulatory organ of the domestic fowl was first found by us in the ventral wall of the cloaca. It is found that this organ does not develop after castration; thus only a trace of it is to be found in the cloaca of capons.
7. The remarkable effect of castration is also found on the Bursa fabricii which is to be completely disappeared at the sexual maturity. In capons this organ Kiyoshi Masui, Juro Hashimoto and Isamu Ono 37 is found to be the same size as in the young cocks.
8. No effect of castration is produced in the weight of the suprarenal, spleen. kidney, pancreas and the length of the long bones.

抄録全体を表示

According to the view of des Cellculs and Benoit the internal secretion of the testicle is the product of the so called interstitial cells in the domestic fowl. The investigation made by Boring, Pearl and Pézard are oposed to the view of des Cilleues. They are of opinion that the internal secretion does not arise in the interstitial cells but in the generative part of the testicle in the domestic fowl.
The material employed consisted of the testes of the fowls (white Leghorn) of various ages. Moreover the regenerated testes which were found in some capons assuming the male sexual characters were found to be a good material for this study. The results obtained may briefly be summarized as follows.
1. As Nonidetz already stated the fat-laden cells begin to appear from the sexual cord at 12 days of incubation. The cells strikingly increase in number at 7days of age. Their protoplasma contain a great amount of fat granula, thus resembling to the so called luteal cells of the ovary.
2. The fat-laden cells begin to degenerate at 20 dsys after hatching and completely disappear at the end of the second month.
3. A small number of the interstitial cells is found in the testes of young chickens, but these decrease in number at the end of second month. The cells continue to decrease in number and completely disappear at the age of six month, remaining only a small amount of connective tissue behind, whereas the seminiferous tubules develop remarkably.
4. From the examination of the regenerated testes it is found that there are no relation between the male sexual characters and the interstitial cells. It seems, however, most probable that the development of the male sexual characters coincides with that of the seminiferous tubules of the testicle.
5. From the facts mentioned above we came to the conclusion that in the domestic fowl the internal secretion does not arise in the interstitial tissue.

抄録全体を表示

I found two cases of coccidiosis in Japan. Of rhese one died of this disease, while the other recovered. As regards the diagnosis my cases were very interesting. The clinical observations may briefly be described as follows:
The animal, one month old Holstein calf, was fed in the stall by an artificial suckling. It began to discharge the muddy faeces, and two days after it was found that they were mixed with blood and croupous pseudo-membrane. The faeces had a bad smell and were dark green or dark red in colour. Numerous oocysts were found in them.
The spores gradually decreased in mumber and became disappeared a weak after the commencement of the disease. From the post mortem examination it was found that no oocysts were contained in the contents of the whole intestine but the macrogametes were found to be scattered sporadically in the lumen of the Lieberkuhn's glands of colon.
The oocysts found in the stools were 11.9-34.0μ in length and 10.2-25.5μ in breadth. They were usually ovoid in shape but occasionally ellipsoid or spherical. The cystwall was colourless, but sometimes brownish in colour and double contoured; it was usually uniform in thickness and no micropyle was found. The cytoplasm which filled the cyst-cavity was colourless, or sometimes greenish or browhish yellow.
According to different temperature, as shown in the following table, the way of development of spore was varied.
At 37°C after 19 hours, sporoblasts 19.0% in number but no more developed and gradually destroyed.
At 30°C after 19 hours, sporoblasts 43.7% in number.
24 hours, sporocysts 63.6%
43 hours, sporocysts 75.0%
sporozoits 18.7%
oocysts 6.3%
67 hours, sporozoits 100%
At room temperature (21°C to 28°C)
after 19 hours, sporoblasts 3.1%
24 hours, sporoblasts 44.7%
43 hours, sporocysts 25.8%
67 hours, sporocysts 37.4%
sporozoits 35.0%
91 hours, sporozoits 83.0%
In the ice box (11°C to 15°C), spores did not develope until the 15th day.
after 35 days, sporocysts 88.7%
40 days, sporocysts 100%
The sporocysts were measured 17×6.8μ in the oocysts of 30.6×22.1μ, and 11.9×6.8μ in those of 25.5×18.7μ
For the experimental study two calves of one month old were used which were brought from healthy district. No spores were shown in the stools of these animals few days before the experiment. The calves were kept isolated, and the mature cysts cultured for 10-20 days under 30°C were given; and then the examination was made every day by Noller's table-salt method.
Calf A. 8 days after ingestion of the mature cysts, the calf excreted muddy faeces mixed with mucous membrane in which a few new oocysts were found. From the llth day no oocysts were detected.
Calf B. Five days after the ingestion of the cysts a few oocysts appeared in the feaces. They increased in number day after day till the 11th day, but not found after 16 days. The stools were quite normal in appearence from the beginning.
Calf C. 8 days after the ingestion of the mature spores the calf excreted muddy faeces mixed with mucous membrane in which a few cocysts appeared. They increased in number till 30 days, but nothing were found after 36 days.
Calf D. 2 days after the ingestion of the cysts a few oocysts appeared which increased in number day after day. On the 22th day the calf discharged bloody faeces in which numerous oocysts were found. Thye decreased in number from the next day. After 29 days no oocyst appeared in the faeces which changed to normal in appearence.

抄録全体を表示

In the previous study the writer found that the carriers of Bac. pullorum are the main cause of spreeding of the white diarrhea in chickens and that the agglutination test is a good method in determining of the carriers of bacteria.
The object of the present study is to examine whether the agglutination test is practically an exact method in determing of the carriers. Having examined a considerable number of the fowls by this test it was found that in the fowls in which the positive reaction was shown in a dilution of serum 1:100, Bac. pullorum were usually to be shown. On the contrary it was difficult to show the bacteria in such fowls as the negative or slight positive reaction was shown. From the above result the writer is of opinion that the agglutination test is the most exat method in the determination of the carriers of bacteria.
The main changes were generally to be found in the ovary of the carriers of bacteria, showing changes of the colour, shape and hardness. The necrotic changes were sometimes found in the liber, and in rare cases no changes were found in any internal organs.
Many authors, except Khight who isolated Bac. pullorum in the testicle, demonstrated the same bacteria only in the ovaries of the carriers. It is, however, very important to note that the bactria were often shown not only in the ovary but also in the liber, bile and kidney. As already stated in my previous paper the white diarrhea usually occured among chickens whose mothers were shown to be the carriers of bacteria. In addition to this the bactria were shown to exist in the internal organs of chicks died in shell. From these facts the writer came to the conclusion that Bac. pullorum may already exist in developing ova of the carriers of bacteria.
According to the fowls of different groups Bac. pullorun isolated from the the carriers were different in the type; one produces gas in culture the other does not.
From his observations the writer does not agree with the hypothesis of " selective infection " which is maintained by Hadley and the others.

抄録全体を表示

Havjng made a comparative study on the general properties and the kinds of fatty acids of the yolk oils of the eggs, which were producted by two different breeds, single comb White Leghorn and Chinese hens, the writer obtained the following results.
1. Egg yolk oil has a special rank odour resembling that of cod liver oil and it's colour is brownish yellow.
2. At the ordinal temperature, it is a liquid containing many fine needle formed crystallines, but it almost solidifies in winter.
General Properties.
Properties of Mixed Fatty Acins.
Properties of Mixed Saturated Fatty Acids.
Properties of Mixed Unsaturated Fatty Acids.
3. About 2/3 of the total amount of the saturated fatty asids is iso-palmitic a cid (m.p. 57°C.) and 1/3 is palmitic acid (m. P. 62°C.). Stearic acid is fonnd to contain in the yolk oil of the eggs of White Leghorn but its amount is only 4 per cent of saturated fatty acids.
4. Unsaturated fatty acids consist of the great amount of oleic acid and very small quantity of linolic acid.
5. There exrsts also a very small amount of arachidonic acid in the yolk oil of Chinese eggs.
6. This defference regarding its constituents of the egg-yolk oil may be due to the food, with which hens are fed, and not due to the difference of species.

抄録全体を表示

1 Mean values, standard deviations and variation coefficients of twelve physical characters in three hundred Holstein-Friesian cows are obtained, and the frequency curve of the head length is discussed.
2 The existence of the positive correlation between five pairs of characters is shown.
3 The regression and its equation between withers hight and chest depth, rump length and hip width are presented.
4 It is observed that there is nearly a definite proportion between each side of the trapezoid form in the hindquarters.
In conclusion the writer desires to express his sincere thanks to Professors R. Iwazumi and T. Kubo, under whose direction this work was done, and also Mr. S. Kugimoto and Mr. Y. Habu for their kind advice in selecting the material.

抄録全体を表示

Since 1914, the writer has devoted himself at Kung-chu-ling, South Manchuria, China, to the improvement of the wool quality of mongolian sheep by crossing with merino sheep.
Three types of ears are found in mongolian sheep, viz. large, small and rudimentary, while all merinos have large ears. The writer found the fact that the ear shapes of both mongolian and merino sheep are determined by only one Mendelian unit factor.
The large ear, which is ordinarily found in mongolian sheep, is long, thin and drooping on both sides of the head. (See fig. 1.). The small ear, which is found in a small number of cases among mongolian sheep, is short, half-drooping, wedge-shaped and somewhat thicker than the large type. (See fig. 2). The rudi-mentary ear is a very small protuberance at ordinary ear place. (See fig. 3.) All of merino sheep have large ears.
The dimensions of the ears described above are, respectively, as follows:
The results of crossing sheep haviug the three types of ears above mentioned are shown in the following table:
The results of these experiments show that the inheritance of ears in sheep is determined by a singlen Mendelian unit factor; thus the large and the rudimentary ear are both homozygous, while the small ear is heterozygous. These results obtained by the writer correspond with those obtained by Ritzman (1.3) in his experiments with native sheep at Hampshire and with those of Wriedt (4) with Norwegian sheep. In the case of mongolian sheep, however, one of the homozygotes has rudimentary ears, while in the case of the results obtained by Ritzman and Wriedt this is earless.
Herepyolkin (5) writes, in his work "Karakul Sheep", that Karakul sheep have various shapes of ear, namely long drooping, short half-drooying, rudimentary, and even earless in some cases. Probably four types of ears exist in sheep, viz. large, small, rudimentary and earless.
According to the results of the experiments of Ritzman and Wriedt, the large-eared and the earless sheep are both homozygous, and the small-eared sheep heterozygous. According to the results obtained by the writer, the large-eared and the rudimentary-eared sheep are both homozygous and the small-eared type heterozygous. Therefore, the experiment in inter-breeding of rudimentary-eared sheep and earless sheep is very interesting. It is to be regretted, however, that as the writer has no earless sheep, he can not proceed with this interesting experiment.

抄録全体を表示

Macdowell (1914) reported crosses between rabits of different sizes, in which an increased variability was found in F2. He explained this in the conception of multiple factors. In crosses between fowls of different sizes, Hamburgh and Bantam, Punnet (1915) found an intermediate F1 and an F2 in which the range of variation remarkably increased. The conclusion given by him is that: Four independent factors are involved in determining the body weight. Both the original parents are not pure in genetic constituion.
The present work deals with the inheritance of the body weight and length of various long bones in mice of different sizes. The result obtained in briefly stated.
Two different varieties of mice were used as matrerial, the European breed and Japanese "Nankin". The European breed is remakably larger than the "Nankin." The average body weight and length of various bones of both varieties are shown in the following Table.
Furop. Nankin.
Body weight 21.70gr. 13.857gr.
Body length 6.251c.m. 5.175c.m.
Scapula 0.985c.m 0.841c.m
Humerus 1.117c.m 0.996c.m
Ulna 1.059c.m 0.946c.m
Ileum+Ischium 1.687c.m 1.506c.m
Femur 1.358c.m 1.250c.m
Tibia 1.663c.m 1.498n, m
(The number of individuals of each generation is shown in Table I)
The body weight, body length and length of each bone of F1 individuals were nearly intermediate between the original parents (Table I, II). Hence it is most probable that the dominance is not complets in these characters.
The range of variation of the body weight and length of each bone is so great that their extremes reach to those of original parents; details as to this is shown in Curves. It is important to note that the individuals of extremes (the largest and smallest) have a tendency to breed true; thus it follows that they have the same genetic constitution as the original parents.
As already known it is qnite difficult to determine exactly the number of factors involved when a character is expressed by a quantitative action of more than two factors. Comparing the frequency curves of F2 with those of the theoretical ones it is found that the number of factors involved in the body weight and length of each long bone is considered to be as follow:
Body weight 4, Body length 3, Length of scapula 3,
Length of ili. & ischi. 4, Length of each long bone of limb 2.
It is important to note that there is positive correlation between two different long bones of the limb, a fact from which it seems reasonable to assume a factor which acts in common on determining the size of each long bone.

抄録全体を表示

Based upon the facts obtained from the osteological study, as well as from the palaeontological and the archaeological points of view, the author came to the following conclusions regarding the blood relation of the domestic cattle in East Asia.
Considering from the cranical construction, all of the East-Asiatic cattle appear to have originated from two species, Bos zebu indicus and Bos primigenius, while the geographical distribution brought some differences among them.
The Corean cattle are most closely related to Bos primigenius; on the contrary, the Mongolian, the zeboidal and brachyfrons types of North China and the brachyfrons type of Manchuria have many characters of Bos zebu indicus. The longifrons type of North China and Manchuria represents an intermediate form.

抄録全体を表示

In order to investigate the problem, the females were isolated for a long time. After having testified as to their unfertility, they were mated but once, with the following results:
1. It has been found that the females, thus treated, produced fertilized eggs from the third day on. The interval between the mating and the laying of the fertilized eggs was also to be about 45 hours.
2. These females, once mated, produced the fertilized eggs for a period of 7 to 20 days, the average number of days being 12 to 14.
3. The fertility appeared to have nothing to do with the size or the shape of eggs.

抄録全体を表示

The blood of 67 normal rabbits strictly selected was hematologically examined, 3-7 times per head. The average number of each cellular element and amount of hemoglobin were determined as follows :
Erythrocyte 6, 212, 000
Hemoglobin 15, 54%
Leucocyte 8, 000
Small lymphocyte 59, 0%
Large lymphocyte 4, 5%
Mononuclear (large mononuclear and transitional) 2.7%
Eosinophile 0, 9%
Pseudoeosinophile 32, 7%
Basophile 0, 0%
Irritation cell (Türk) 0, 2%

抄録全体を表示

Two matured Shropshire Sheep of nearly the same age were selected and fed on the mixed hay for almost half a year as maintenance ration. About 800kg. of hay were gathered from an uncultivated land, cut about 1-2 inches long and mixed thoughouly. The sheep fed on this fodder could maintain their body weight. In the middle of this experiment, feces and urines excreted from by these animals were taken and analysed.
The experimental results obtained are as follows:
1. Digestibility of general constituents of this hay did not differ from the results obtained by other investigators, showing on an average: 62%, , in dry matter, 67% in organie matter, 48% in crude protein, 56% in crude fat, 71% in carbohydrate, 27% in crude ash.
2. Nitrogen in feces was determined; water soluble nitrogen was as much as about one-fourth (25%) of total nitrogen; water soluble protein nitrogen, 7%; Nitrogen soluble in 10% NaCl, 7%; Nitrogen soluble in alcohol, 5%; Nitrogen soluble in dilute alkali, 33%; Insoluble nitrogen 30%.
3. In the Carbohydrates of feces, the following compounds were determined: Total carbohydrate in dried feces, 48-49%; In 100% of total carbohydrate, Weende's crude fiber 35%; Weende's nitrogen free extract 65%; Cellulose 18-19%; Cutin 7-9%; Lignin 7%; pentosan 21-24%; pentosan free nitrogen-free extract 49-45; Starch and soluble sugars 4%.
4. Feces contained the following mineral matters: Total crude Ash in dried feces 21-23%; In 100% of total ashes, Potash 2-3%; Soda 4%; lime 9-10%; agnesia 4%; Iron oxide 6-7%; Phosphoric acid 7-8%; Chlorine 0.1% sulfuric acid 2%; silicic acid and sand 64-66%.
5. As regards the Urine, the following results were obtained: reaction, strong alkaline; Specific gravity 1.0374-1.0571; dry matter, 3.9-6.8%; 100% of urinarydry matter were contained organic matter 48%; inorganic matter, 52%; urea 9-15%; ammonia 0.2-0.5% hippuric acid 29-38%; uric acid 0.3-0.9%; Creatinin 0.1%; other organic matters 2%.
6. In 100% of urinary crude ash were contained: Potash 56-60%; Soda 5-6%; lime 0.6-0.4%; Magnesia 3-5%; Iron oxide 0.4-0.8%; phosphoric acid 0.3-0.4%; Chlorine 24-27%; sulfuric acid 7-9%; silicic acid 1-4%.
7. Digestibility of carbohydrate was calculated: Weende's crude fiber 72%, Weende's nitrogen free extract 70%, cellulose 78%, Cutin 67%, lignin 59%, pentosan 72%, pentosan free nitrogen free extract 68%.
8. According to the investigation of Nitrogen metabolism, each sheep was found to have digested 7-8 grams of nitrogen and deposited 2.8-2.9 grams of nitrogen every day. The sheep excreted every day 12-17 grams of hippuric acid, i. e. 3.8-6.5 grams of glycocoll and 8.8-13.0 grams of benzoic acid, while they digested only 40 grams of crude protein.
9. The Calculation of Apparent digestibilities of hay ashes showed that Chlorine was digested in 98%, potash in 86%, and sulfuric acid in 66%, while Soda in only 20%, lime in 12%, magnesia in 15%, iron oxide in 18%, phosphoric acid in 15%.
10. Each sheep showed a positive balance regarding eyeay mineral matter except both soda and magnesia, and one sheep showed a negative balance of hlorine. The mixed hay contained an excess of potash as compared with soda and a little excess of lime as compared with magnesia. It contained too much of silicic acid. Therefore, if a sheep shall be fed on hay alone, it will be necessary to give it an additional amount of impure salts.
11. The proportion of hay ashes distributed in the urines, feces and balance was caluculated. Potash was excreted in 80-88% in the urine and only 11-16% in feces while soda only 25-29% in the urine and 80% in feces. Lime was excreted almost completely in feces. A large part of magnesia was excreted in the feces, and only 15-28% in the urine. Both phosphoric acid and Iron oxide were excreted almost completely in the feces. On the other hand Chlorine was completely excreted in the urine. Sulfur was excreted equally in the urine and feces.

抄録全体を表示

The authors have made serological investigations of the normal colostra taken from Holstein, Ayrshire and Guernsey cows. The results obtained are as follows:
1. In the normal parturition the colostrum always contained a large amount of agglutinins.
2. The colostra containing agglutinins were secreted for 1-4 days after parturition.
3. The quantity of the agglutinins contained in the colostra immediately after parturition, decreased rapidly and then disappeared.
4. Agglutinins reacting with Bact. coli and Vibrio fetus were found to be most abundant.
5. A colostrum obtained from a cow 19 hours before parturition also contained a large amount of agglutinins.
6. In spite of the authors investigations with fresh and normal colostra from a large number of cows, no complement was proved.

抄録全体を表示

1. Samples.
a) About 60 wool staples of equal quality taken from South African merino sheep fleeces.
b) 30 wool staples of equal quality taken from chinese wool fleeces.
2. Treatment.
a) Eaeh merino wool staple was scoured for 3 minutes with soap solutions (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%) (Diagram I) and soda solution (0.5%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%) (Diagram II).
b) Chinese wool was scoured with soda solution of the following percentages (0.05%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%) (Diagram III).
c) Temperatures of each scouring solution (35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C).
3. The wool fibre, treated as above, showed to have no grease but to be full of tensile strength.
4. Conclusion.
a) Diagram I. The wool fibre, which was scoured with a 0.75% soap solution at 50°C, was found to have no grease particle on the fibre and full of tensile strength.
b) Diagram II. In spite of scouring the fibres with soda solution of high percentage, there was found a remaining of grease, and a spoil of the epidermis layer of fibres, indicating that the soda solution is unsuitable for scouring fine merino wool.
c) Chinese wool scoured with a 0.5% soda solution at 50°-60°C was found to have no grease and no injury on the fibres.
The soda solution can be used only for scouring the coarse wool as Chinese

抄録全体を表示

The authors have studied the relative effects of various food-proteins of animal origin on the growth of young chickens. Five kinds of protein-food used for this purpose were:- 1. Egg (white and yolk), 2. Casein, 3. Dried silkworm chrysalis (by-products of sericulture), 4. Fish meal (herring), and 5. Meat meal (dried, containing connective tissue). Soybean cake was also used as control. Six lots were employed in this experiment, each group consisting of 12-13 chickens of the same body weight. In order to meet W. P. Wheeler's feeding standard, daily rations and nutritive ratios of six groups were calculated by adjusting with other foods in which crushed rice, cod-liver oil, wheat bran, grit and green vegetables were contained, The experiment was conducted from the 5th day of hatch to the seventh week.
Results obtained are as follows:-
1) The group fed on egg white and yolk grew splendidly well. At the end of the seventh week, the chickens became 10-15 times as large as at the beginning. The rate of growth was so rapid that no comparison could be made with any other lots. Each hundred pounds of egg protein consumed produced 337 pounds of body weight during seven weeks.
2) Casein and dried silkworm chrysalis have produced fairly good results. Both groups developed quite equally. The mortality during brooding was least. Uniformely strong chickens of moderate size were obtained in both lots. They became six to seven and half times as large as at the, beginning.
3) Fish meal (herring) showed somewhat different results. During the first week chickens grew very vividly, but from the second week they began to develop unequally. In the the third week 40 percent of them were died. On the contrary, the chickens remained alive at this time have grown vigorously since the fourth week. At the end, they became 9 times as big and hundred pounds of fish protein were converted into 254lbs of body weight.
4) Meat meal and soybean cake used in this experiment produced poor result, owing to the lower digestibility and lower nutritive value.
(Refer to the photographs.)

抄録全体を表示

Regarding to the origin of the domestic cattle in East Asia, the author studied the cranial bones of foetus and found that the results obtained were in a fair agreement with those from his previous research with respect to the cranial construction of adult cattle.
The conclusion of the present paper is as follows:
1. The cranial bone of foetus of the Corean cattle were found to present those of Bos taurus and somewhat to be defferent from the materials employed by Duerst and Wilckens. They were proved to be rather resemble those of the Mongorian cattle foetus.
2. The cranial bone of cattle foetus of North China were found to be quite similar in their construction to those of Bos zebu indicus.
3. The cranium of the Manchurian cattle foetus resembles very much that of the Corean cattle foetus, but there was found also a resemblance between the former and that of the Mongorian. From this facts it may be said that the Mongorian cattle have characters of Bos zebu indicus.
4. The cranium of the Mongorian cattle foetus showed an intermediate form between Bos taurus and Bos zebu indicus, representing that of the Carolaise cattle foetus reported by Duerst.

抄録全体を表示