Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
Online ISSN : 1880-8255
Print ISSN : 1346-907X
ISSN-L : 1880-8255
Volume 23, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • TARO NAGASAWA, TAMOTSU TANAHASI
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 37-40
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    By means of the cryoscopic method with sucrosecros the authors experimented with the content and the change of the bound water in individua, goat's milk and herd milk.
    Eighteen goats were used in this experiment and their breeds consisted of pure Saanens, hybrid Saanens, and Toggenburg.
    The principal results obtained are summarized as follows:
    1. The range of bound water content in individual milk is from 5.18% to 2.28% and the mean value of it is 3.08±0.10%. On the other hand the range and the mean value in herd milk are 4.07-2.45% and 3.19±0.19% respectively. The total mean value in both individual milk and herd milk is 3.10±0.09
    2. The highest degree of freezing point in individual milk is -0.546°C and the lowest is -0.590°C The mean value of it is -0.573±0.001°C In the case of herd milk, the range and the mean value of it are -0.550°C--0.574°C and -0.564±0.001°C respectively, The total mean value in both individual and herd milk is -0.571±0.001°C.
    3. The percentages of the content of the bound water with regard to some constituents of goat's milk are as follows; casein 45.31%, albumin 30.20%, fat 18.37%, and remaining solids 6.12%.
    4. It is very clear that the bound water content in goat's milk decreases by the heat treatment.
    The percentage of decrease is 30-10% when the milk is heated at 63°C for 30 minutes, but when the milk is heated at the boiling point for one minute, the decrease is about 50%.
    5. The treatments such as heating at 63°C for 30 minutes, or boiling for one minute, have no effect on the freezing point of goat's milk.
    Download PDF (424K)
  • I On the determination of diacetyl and acetoin in butter and cream
    MASAHTSA MAENO, KATSUJI SHIGA
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 41-43
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) The small amount of diacetyl in milk products was microdetermined by the gravimetric method (Nickel salt mothod) and colorimetric method (modified creatine test). It was found that colorimetric method had better result in this determination, because of the sensibility and simplicity.
    2) Diacetyl contents in butter, cream and butter milk were 0.22 to 0.29, 0.183 to 7.0, and 0.38 p. p. m. respectively.
    3) Diluted solution of synthetic diacetyl smelled of butter. Therefore we think that diacetyl is one of the factors of butter flavor.
    Download PDF (272K)
  • II On the diacetyl content in the several starters and its effect on dairy products
    MASAHISA MAENO, KATSUJI SHIGA
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 44-45
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) The several pure cultures were examined and classified into two types of bacteria, one of which produced lactic acid and the other produced flavor.
    2) The symbiose of two cultures. (Bac. dulgaricus+708, Bac. bulgarJcus +St. cremoris and St. lacis+St. cremoris produced more diactyl and acetoin than others
    3) when these starter were used in butter making there were increase in diacetyl and acetoin content as compared with non-fermented butter. But the flavor of butter was not always in proportion to diacetyl content we conclude thatt here are any other factors of butter flavor than diacetyl.
    Download PDF (174K)
  • MIKIO MISU, MITSURU NISHIKIORI
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 46-48
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1 This study of physical characters of 175 hens over 6 months old which were breeded in Hokkaido, Japan, and of a certain numfer of eggs laid by them was made for the purpose of selecting the white Leghorn.
    2 The normal type, as is ordinarilly done, was decided by means of regression equation and biometrical constant, namely mean value, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient, obtained through the measurement of the ten parts in physical characters.
    3 Those which came under the normal type sho wed 5.71% of the whole.
    Download PDF (287K)
  • Y. SAEKI, Y. KUBOSHIMA
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 49-53
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In ordsr to prove the effect of thyroidectomy on the anterior pituitary (A. P.) and gonad, both throid glands in seven of eleven male goats were extirpated perfectly and A. P. and gonads were observed cytologically after the lapse of various periods.
    The semen was collected by electric stimulative method two weeks before operation as control and after operation twice a month till the time of slaughter.
    The results were as follows:
    (1) On the fiftieth day after thyrgidectomy cytolo-gical changes already appeared in the A. P, and particularly after three months enlarged.β-cells which were believed to be "thproidectomp-cells" were found.
    These cells showed degranulation, remarkable vacuolation and high secreting activity. The α-cells decreased in nunber and they showed degenerating forms.
    (2) There were no effect of thyroidectomy on the semen and on the testes in our histological observ ation.
    Download PDF (870K)
  • XII The effect of manufacturing methods, with special reference to packing, on the vitamin C content of milk powder
    YUZO ANAGAMA
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 54-55
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This investigation was carried to determine the effect of methods of manufacturing, specially of packing, milk powder on its content of Vitamin C.
    In some cases the packing of the milk powder in nitrogen gas is more effective than the packing in vacuum or air packing, but in other cases it seems almost non-effective.
    When concentrated milk with ascorbic acidwas sprayed together with nitrogen gas, it was found effective.
    In winter months in Hokkaido the milk powder in an opened can retained its vitamin C content almost entirely for about 15 days.
    Download PDF (199K)
  • MOTOO NAITO
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 56-67
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The anterior pituitary (AP) at the time of immaturity and maturity of genetically intersexual goats were studied cytohistologically, physiologically and histochemically in comparison with normal males and females and castrates,
    (1) No significant difference was observed between the sexes in the index of gland weight to body weight.
    (2) In the cytological study of the AP, it was found that every type of secretory cell -α, β and γ- of the intersexes was larger in size than those of the normal sexes. The frequency of the α cells were similar in the several groups studied. However, the frequency of β cells in the intersexes was far lower than those of normal sexes or of castrates. The frequency of chromophilic cells in the normal sexes seemed to increase with growth until sexual maturity was reached, but this was not the case with the intersexes. The differences in the frequency of these cells in the intersexual types were not remarkable. The frequency of the β cells in castrates was the highest of all. In mature intersexes and castrates most of the chromophilic cells were in the phase of storage.
    (3) The specific gigantic cells rich in granules were appeared in certain lobules of the glands of intersexes at the time of sexual maturity. They were not found in immature intersexes. These specific cells were found to be greater in size and frequency in the medial type of intersex which had the most abnormal gonads, These seemed to originate from β cells with similar cytological aspects and showed no change in size and frequency with age after sexual maturity. In the castrates, neither "castration cells" nor related specific cells were found,
    (4) The gonadotropic potency of the AP (FSH and LH) was assayed separately in each sex with infantile rats used as fhe recipients. In FSH the potency of the AP of the castrates was highest and followed by that of the intersexes. In intersexes, the more abnormal the gonads which the mediel type had were, the higher the potency was.The potency of the AP of the female type of intersex was as low as that of the normal female. The potency of the AP of the male was the lowest of all mature goats. Further, the AP of immature medial intersexes showed only slight follicle stimulating action.
    In regard to LH, the results obtained in the various sexes were similar to the former assays, but group differences were not as great as in the former assay with the dosage administered,
    (5) In both histochemical reactions of silver and alkaline phosphatase, the intensity of the stain generally varied with the cell types; it was the most intense in the α calls, weaker in the β cells, and the weakest in the γ cells. In the specific β cells of the intersexes it was as weak as in γ cells.
    The differences between the sexes were more distinct in the latter reaction. Those of the normal sexes were very strong, but those of the intersexes were as weak as those of the castrates. The reaction in the immature intersex was as intense as those in the immature normal sexes, and rather stronger than those of the mature intersexes. These histochemical results in mature animals seem to suggest that the activity of the cells in the AP of both intesex and castrate was weaker than that of the normal sexes.
    (6) The cause of these abnormalities in the AP of intersexual goats is unknown, but it may be plausible that genetical defect in transforming of β cells from γ cells and decrease of degranulation activity of β cells induced by dysfunction of gonads may play roles.
    Download PDF (1682K)
  • I Qualitative test
    TOMOKICHI TSUGO
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 68-69
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    By means of the modified form of SCHARER'S short field test contents of phosphatases of cow's milkwas compared with that of goat's milk and the ef-fect of heat on the one compared qualitatively with that on the other.
    It was found that the phosphatase content of goat's milk was little as compared with cow's milk and readily destroyed by heat. For example, at a standard temperature of 62°C of pasteurization, the time of heating in which the phosphatase reaction of cow's milk was turned to negative was 25 minutes, while in goat's milk it was 10 minutes. It seemed unable to distinguish the heating period of 25 minutes from that of 30 minutes at a heating temperature of 62°C of cow's milk by this qualitative test.
    Download PDF (188K)
  • II Quantitative test
    TOMOKICHI TSUGO
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 70-72
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Contents of phosphatases of cow's were comparedwith that of goat's milk and the effect of heat on the one compared quantitatively with that on the other by means of the modified form of SCHARER'S laboratory method using PULFRICH'S photometer.
    (1) On the raw milk, contents of phosphatase incow's milk were 400-550 of SCHARER'S units, while in goat's milk they were 350-400 units. These values had no connection with fat contents of their milk.
    (2) The relation between temperature and time of heating in which phosphatases of cow's and goat's milk were turned to be inactivated, was presented. For example, at a standard temperature of 62°C of pasteurization, in cow's milk the time of heating was 30 minutes, while in goat's milk it was 15 minutes.
    As a whole, it was found that the phosphatase of goat's milk was destroyed at a lower temperature of 1-2°C and 10-15 minutes faster than in cow's milk.
    Download PDF (277K)
  • I Observations on tracing curves of abdominal pressure and forestomach inside pressure with a kymographion
    YOSHITSUNE HIROSE, ISAO OTANI
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 73-78
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this paper the movements of the rumen and the reticulum in ruminants were investigated, the tracing curves of abdominal pressure and stomach inside pressure in six adult goats being the basis of the remarks.
    The abdominal pressure curves (Figs. 1-4) were recorded on the smoked paper of a kymographion by a tambour which was connected to a gum-sack fixed to the left flank of unoperated normal goats. Figs. 1 and 2 show the curves recorded from the anaesthetized one. Figs. 3 and 4 show the curves recorded from untreated does during their ruminant time. Figs. 5-7 show the inside pressure curves of rumen which were recorded with a gumballoon inserted into the mediar region of rumen through the fistula of the operated bucks. Figs. 8-12 show the inside pressure curves of both thesuperior and the inferior region of rumen recorded at the same time with two gum-balloons inserted into each region. The upper curve of each figure shows pressure. change in the superior-region and the lower in the inferior. A yearling buck was operated to enclose two gum-balloons into its reticulum and rumen superior region, then Figs. 13-16 were recorded between the next day and the fourth day after the operation. Figs. 13 and 14 show the simultaneously recorded curves of reticulum (the upper curves) and rumen inside pressure(the lower curves). Figs. 15 and 16 show the curves of reticulum inside pressure (the upper) and abdominal pressure (the lower).
    From these figures, the following observations are induced.
    (1) The contraction of reticulum is a double movement which is finished in a short time and is followed by the alternative contractions of superior and inferior pouches of the rumen.
    (2) There are two modes of contraction process in the rumen movemnt; one is the always occurring immediately after the reticulum contraction (A type movement), the other is the twice continuously alternative contractions of both rumen pouches (A B type movement) of which the first half is the same as the A type movement but the second half is of different mode.
    (3) It is impossible to point out the regular relation of the order between A B type and A type movements, but in many cases the repitition of the movements of the followring order is observed:
    Contraction and relaxation of reticulum-A B type movement of rumen-short time pause-contraction and relaxation of reticulum-A type movement of rumen-long time pause. If the above order is regarded as a normal cycle, the cyclic period is 40-50 seconds, that is, the frequency of rumen movement is 12-15 times per ten minutes.
    (4) It is clear that the rejection of food at the time of the second mastication is caused by the reticulum contraction, and the rumen contraction does not participate in it.
    Download PDF (1199K)
  • TETSVO YOSHIKAWA, HARUO TANAKA
    1952 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 79-81
    Published: 1952
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) 3.0cm horse embryo has the single layered colon, as in the case of the carnibora and mankind. In 3.2cm embryo, the colon changes into the double layered colon, forming the pelvic flexure.
    2) The great intestine of horse embryo also shows the tendency to make the coiled colon, after the formation of the double layered colon, as in the case of cattle and swine. We call this portion the "Vertex of flexure" (b of Fig. 5B), which is the small flexure succeeding to the pelvic, flexure (a of Fig. 5B).
    3) The translocation of the caecum and colon of horses from the right abdominal wall to the left is due to changes of food after the birth, which causes the great expansion of the great intestine.
    4) We reguest attention to the great mistake about the position of the ostiums of ilium and colon in the horse's caecum, hitherto described in some famous text-books on the anatomy of the domestic animals, for example that of ELLENBERGER-BAUM (15th, 1921, and 16th, 1926, editions).
    This error, however, was corrected in the later edtion (17th, 1932, edition).
    Download PDF (1594K)
feedback
Top