The so-called "nuclei magnocellularis hypothalami ", i. e. the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in the fowls are the most prominent nuclei in the hypothalamus.
These nuclei are the ones which have been shown to be nuclei of origin of hypothalmo-hypophysial fibers.
In the fowls, the cell groups are as follows :
Nucleus magnocellularis praeopticus et supraopticus
pars ventrocaudalis (figs. 2, 3, 7(1)(2)(3), 8)
pars medialis(figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 (4) (5), 9, 11)
pars lateralis(figs, 2, 3, 10) Nucleus magnacellularis paraventricularis
pars principalis(figs. 4, 5, 6, 7 (6) (7), 12)
pars accessorius (figs. 5, 6, 7, (8) (9)) 10) (11), 13)
Cell counts were made on every 5th section for the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. Table 1 gives the cell population and number in these nuclei.
The praeoptico-hypophyseal tract and the supraoptico-hypophyseal tract arise from the praeoptic nucleus and supraoptic nucleus respectively. These tracts, perhaps together with a few fibers of the uncleus magnocellularis paraventricularis pars principalis, form a distinct tract which can be followed to the neurohypophysis. This tract is therefore called tractus praeoptico-supraoptico-hypophyseus.

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It has been demonstrated by many investigators (RAHN, '39 and others) that anterior pituitary of fowls is devided into two lobes-cephalic and caudal, and the cellular constituents of these regions are quite intrinsic respectively. But, in most cases, some mutual mingling of the cells or cell clusters of two lobes has been often seen. WINGSTRAND ('51) has also recognized such a case of mixing materials of different origin. The authors suggest that essential causes of the mingling may be supposed inview of the developmental facts described below.
1) In chick embryo of 3-day 20-hour of incubation, there is seen a process at the dorsal wall of Rathke's pouch. This is undoubtedly Bruni's " di verticolo medio " because of the existence of a mass of cells (ATWELL'S "entodermal buds ") between the tip of the process and the anterior end of the notochord. While, immediately above the "diverticolo medio " is also found another process separated distinctly by ventral longitudinal furrow ("primary furrow" of the authors) from the latter (Figs. 1, 6). None of the investigators as yet described this process, so that, for convenience of description, we call this hitherto undescribed process as "dorsal process". The process has a distinct lumen which is continuous with the lumen of the original Rathke's pouch. Furthermore, this process lies apparently in the upper half of Rathke's pouch (aboral lobe) being separated by the constriction of the pouch from the lower half (oral lobe), in which " diverticolo medio " is situated demarcating the boundary (constriction) between two lobes. About 4-day 5-hour to 5-day of incubation, the "secondary furrow " has appeared along the dorsal border of the " dorsal process " at which the division of the upper half of the pouch occurs. As a result of this, a smaller part of the upper pouch including "dorsalprocess" is sunk down to join the lower half. (Figs. 2, 7, 8)
From the fact above described, it is apparent that in early developmental stages of incubation (3-day 20-hour to 5-day) a part of the compornent of the aboral lobe (future caudal lobe) of Rathke's pouch is separated from the parts of the "dorsal process" and participates in formation of the oral lobe of the pouch. It is obviously recognized by the works of RAHN ('39), WILSON ('52) and others that the cellular differentiation of the anterior pituitary of the chick embryo occurs earlier than we expect. Furthermore, WILSON observed the fact that cephalic region of the pars distalis after 7-day of incubation contains a few of the caudal chromophiles. These facts coincide quite well with the authors' description.
2) At the peried of about 9 to 10-day of incubation, translocation has taken place in a part of the Rathke's pouch. In consequence of this, the oral lobe is transferred antero-dorsally, and is now bent at about right angle in the point of the constriction between two lobes. However, the grade of translocation of the lower part of the oral lobe is not so conspicuous as that of the upper one. Especially, near the portion of the attachment of epithelial stalk that grade is most inconspicuous. Thus, as will be seen in Fig. 3, there is often seen a case in which a cell cord of the oral lobe (cephalic lobe) has been extending over far from the boundary constriction of two lobes and joining to the ventral border of the aboral lobe (caudal lobe). Although there is some variation among the materials, the same figure is often seen in the case of the adult gland. (Figs. 4, 5).
All these observations lead to the suggestion thas the essential factors inducing the cellular mingling of both the lobes of the anterior pituitary of the fowl are due to the developmental facts above described.

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The results obtained in the present study are as follows;
(1) Glandular cells of the anterior pituitary of the fowl are cytologically divided into four cell types, which are acidophils (α), basophils (β), chromophobes (γ), and cephalic modified acidophils (V cells named by MATSUO). Theα cells found in the caudal lobe are identical with the ordinary acidophils reported by the previous investigators. The V cells which is found restricted to the cephalic lobe are similar to light staining acidophil of RAHN ('39), A2 cells of PAYNE ('42) and cephalic acidophil of WILSON ('52). But their granules have affinity for both of acid and basic dyes. The V cells are new type of cells because of their morphology, staining reaction and distribution. The β cells found in the cephalic lobe are usually smaller than that of the caudal lobe, but no evidence was found in the present study for supporting the presence of the two types of basophils as reported by WILSON ('52) and YASUDA ('53).
(2) The α cells contain phospholipid which shown by BAKER'S acid hematein test, but do not contain RNA and PAS or GOMORI'S A-F positive granules. These facts indicate that the α cells of the fowl pituitary are homologous with the ordinary acidophils of the mammals.
(3) Cytoplasm of the β cells are shown to contain both glycoprotein and RNA, as a result of the application of various cytochemical techniques. Both granules of mucoprotein and RNA are stained by basic dye, but are digested separately by the enzymes. The β cells in the fowl pituitary correspond to the mammalian basophils, but their PAS positive granules do not correspond to GOMORI'S A-F granules in the fowl.
(4) Cytoplasm of the V cells contains coarse, strongly PAS positive granules, and they are stained selectively by the GOMOEI'S A-F stain. These granules are also identical with the fuchsinophilic granules stained by the trichrome and basophilia by the basic dyes. Furthermore, it seems that the V cells contain smaller amount of RNA and phospholipid. These facts indicate hitherto undescribed characteristics of the V cells.

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1) Two types of the acidophilic cells, deep α and V cells (named by the author), have been apparently demonstrated by using author's two staining methods (Table 1.) and Heidenhain's azan technique, after fixing by GOLDBERG and CHAIKOFF'S ('52) method. The anterior pituitary of the fowl is divided into two cytologically distinct regions……cephalic and caudal lobe respectively. V cells are mainly distributed in the cephalic, while deep α cells are in the caudal lobe. The results of comparison of the reports of previous investigators in the fowl pituitary with two cell types described above are as follows: The deep α cell is identified to α (KATO & NISHIDA, '35), deep staining acidophil (RAHN, '39, RAHN & PAINTER, '41), A1 (PAYNE, '42, '43, '46), A1 or dark staining acidophil (WINGSTRAND, '51), caudal acidophil (WILSON, '52) and acidophil of caudal lobe (YASUDA, '53) while the V cell is the same as light staining acidophil (RAHN, '39, RAHN & PAINTER, '41), A2 (WINGSTRAND, '51), cephalic acidophil (WILSON, '52), and nearly as α (KATO & NISHIDA, '53), A2(PAYNE, '42, '43, '46) and acidophil of cephalic lobe (YASUDA, '53)
2) Compared the V cell with the deep α cell, even under low magnification, the differences of their distribution, morphology and staining reaction are noticeable, and no transitional forms are observed between the two. In morphological appearances and staining reaction, the deep α cell corresponds to the ordinary acidophil of the mammalian pituitary (Fig. 2). The V cell is similar to the deep α cell, at the points of their nuclear and cytoplasmic characters, (Fig. 3). But the V cell has more chromophobic character and smaller size than those of the deep α cell. The granules of the V cell are fine and coarse, and take light purple to violet when stained by the author's Goldberg and Severinghaus staining method. And these granules have affinity for both acid and basic dyes. This is the reason why the author named this cells "V". Therefore, the V cell could not be homologus to the ordinary acidophil of the mammals. In this study, though it could not be clearly determined, the V cell is classified under the category of the acidophilic cells, according to the previous investigators.
3) In the anterior pituitaries of the dog (GOLDBERG & CHAIKOFF, '52), cattle, goat and pig (YAMAOKA, '54), two types of the acidophils (alpha and epsilon) were differentiated. However, in the fowl two types of the cells could not be apparently demonstrated from deep α cells. On the other hand, the V cell (PAYNE'S A2) in the fowl is not homologus to DAWSON'S carmine cell. They are quite different from one another from the view point of the morphology, staining reaction, distribution and cytogenesis. It is difficult to believe that the deep α cell in the fowl clearly identifies with the carmine cell, because the ordinary acidophil of the mammalian pituitary corresponds to the deep α cell, while the carmine cell was distinctly appeared at the times of the post-coitus in female rabbits and cats, and was presented in extraordinarily large numbers in the cat's pituitary during the last week of pregnancy and early lactation period (FRIEDGOOD & DAWSON, '38, '40, '42, WHITE, '49)
4) Although the two cell types are limited in the main portions of the caudal and cephalic lobe, in the transitional and peripheral portion of the gland, the deep α and V cell are often seen (Fig. 1, B-F),
5) In this study, it was found that the caudal lobe of the fowl resembles most closely to the anterior pituitary of the mammals as already repored by RAHN and PAINTER ('41). It is the most interesting problem to datermine where portion is homologous as compared the cephalic lobe of the fowl with the pituitaries of other vertebrates.

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Twenty adult male albino mice were hypophysectomized, and sacrificed at various periods after this operation and ten normal litter mates were used as the controls. Animals used in this study were bestrain mice and they were two to five months old at the operation time. Tissues were weighed and fixed by BOUIN'S and ZENKER-formol fluid, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, HEIDENHAIN'S iron hematoxylin (in testis) and modification of ZINSSER'S ('51) Ponceafuchsin method (in adrenal). The results obtained were as follows.
1) Macroscopic observations: As time went by after hypophysectomy, the all organs studied underwent a significant regression in both their size and weight, and faded from their normal color, though testes became brownish yellow. Testes and adrenals became very flabby. The changes in organ weight were summarized in Table 1.
2) Histological observations:
Testis: As the diameters of seminiferous tubules have decreased rapidly by the twentieth day after hypophysectomy, this decreasing rate became very slow. There were many spermatozoa in tubules until the tenth day or so after operation, but after fifteenth day only few were found in several tubules, and disappeared completely on the twentyfifth day. Spermatids and II-spermatocytes also disappeared on the twentyfifth day or so after operation, then germinal epithelia became thinner, only spermatogonia and I-spermatocytes were observed in the tubules, but their mitotic figures could be seen even on the fortieth day or so after hypophysectomy. The degenerative changes of interstitial cells, such as pycnosis and karyorrhexis, were observed in the testes on the fifth day after hypophysectomy, and cell boundary became obscure, so the cells were stained black strongly in a mass by Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin.
Adrenal: Even on the fifth day after hypophysectomy the cells of Zona, fasciculata atrophied and their lipid decreased in amounts, especially in the inner fasciculate zone, and as the days passed these changes became more prominent, and reached to the maximum on about thirtieth day after operation. The cells of Zona glomerulosa were observed to become hypertrophic, but such changes were rather slight. The remnant cells of X-zone were observed seldom and scattered near the cortico-medullar boundary membrane. This structure is very similar to that of the normal abult male. No significant change was observed in the medulla.
Accessory reproductive organs: Though the epithelial cells of ventral prostate and seminal vesicle were typical columnar cells in normal adult controls, in experiments the epithelial cells of ventral prostate became flattened and the "Light area" in their cytoplasma disappeared completely by the tenth day after hypophysectomy. At that period the height of the epithelial cells of seminal vesicle was reduced to less than one-half of normal height and "Halo-like area" disappeared from their cytoplasma, but very few secretion granula were found in the cytoplasma between nucleus and free margin of the cells. These figures were also observed even on the fortieth day after operation.

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In our previous report, we observed the post-natal histogenesis of the lymph node in the domestic duck (Anas plathyrhynchos domestica L.). In this paper the prenatal histogenesis of the same animals is reported. The materials (lumbar lymph nodes of ducks from the 13th day of embryo to the time immediately after hatching) were fixed in BOUIN'S and HELLY'S fluid and stained with LILLIE'S ('48) azur-eosin, BIELSCHOWSKY'S silver impregnation method, VAN GIESON'S collagen method, MALLORY'S stain (HEIDENHAin's modification), periodic acid leucofuchsin method and LILLIE'S ('51) allochrom, stain for connective tissues.
1) After fifteen days of incubation, it was observed that the primordial process of the lymph node pretruded from the wall into the lumen of the lymph vessel, And this primordium of the lymph node which was covered with endothelial cells, was infiltrated with dark stained round cells and contained lattice fibers.
2) After eighteen days of incubation, the process of this primordium observed on the 15th day of embryo, developed into cords and bridged over the lumen. At the same time, the limph vessel branches out some small lymph vessels, and the mesenchym lying between the branches of the lymph vessels was infiltrated with dark staining round cells. This will also develop into lymph node. Peripheral zone was not observed.
3) After twenty-two days of incubation, the abovementioned lymph cords developed well and increased their number and length, and showed reticular structure. Peripheral zone appeared at this period.
4) At the time of hatching, the lymph reticular cords were more complex than that of twenty-two days of incubation. Lymph follicle first appeared at this period. In our previons report, we observed the thin collagen fiber band enclosing the lymph node in five days old duckling, but in this study we cannot observed the thin collagen fiber band in the domestic duck.

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An improved technique for the hypophysectomy in dogs and cats is described. This is a modification of McLean's buccal method in dogs. The operation is performed under the barbiturate anaesthesia in dogs and by the subcutaneous injection of ether in cats. No assistant service is neccessary. The benzalkonium chloride solution is adopted to simplify the sterilization of instruments, gauze, cotton and operative field. Characteristic advantages of this technique are as follows. A clod of clay wrapped in a sterilized vinyl sheet is used conveniently for the head fixation. Three kinds of hooks are used snugly for drawing the tongue, for lateral retraction of the incised edges of the soft palate and of the freed edges of the mucoperiosteum of the sphenoid bone. A clear-cut oval hole is produced in the sphenoid bone by the dental points (No. 9 & 20). Accordingly the gauge and the mallet are -not neccessary throughout the perforation. Moreover the dental points will serve to prevent the bleeding in the diploe. A very small steel plate probe is convenient to separate the pituitary from the attachment to the diaphragma sellae. The stalk section before the suction of pituitary will protect the hypothalamus from injury. After the removal of the pituitary the defect hole is filled with penicillin. The nasopharyngeal mucous membrans is sutured and it is not neccessary to close the periosteum.
In cats and puppies the haemorrhage in the diploe is generally rare, so that the operation will be very easy. In some dogs, however, the haemostasis during perforation may prove to be tedious, although it will not make the pituitary extirpation itself impossible. Even if operative procedures through the dura opening extend beyond 1 hour by some accidents, the danger of meningitis would be prevented by the local and systemic administration of penicillin.
The average duration of this operation are about 1 hour or less, 1 to 2 hours and 3 hours or more, respectively, in cats, puppies and dogs. In view of the simplicity and the short duration of the operation and additionally rapid recovery, this technique would be most suitable in cats and puppies.

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The method of hypophysectomy described here is the modified one originally described by Smith and developed by Selye, and may be applicable to mouse and guinea pig with little modification. The outline of the operation was reported previously with author and Shiga (1953).
This method has three abvantages: (a) No assistant is needed throughout operation, (b) the method of cutting bone is improved, so as not to bleed from the sinus in the bone, (c) the dura can be cut off with a dental point.
The operative field of paraphalyngeal hypophysectomy is shown in figure.

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Up to this time hypophysectomy in the mouse seems to have been considered as almost impracticable in our country, but the increasing demand for the experimental use of hypophysectomized mice in studies of pituitary gland and its relations to other endocrine glands has made it desirable to develop for these animals a reliable, easy and rapid operative technic.
The only descriptions of the operative technics on mice that I could find are discussed in only two papers, one by Mr. SELYE et al. ('34) and one by Mr. THOMAS ('38), and both of these seem to be somewhat cumbersome and difficult for routine practical use.
Therfore, the procedures of these earlier workers on both the rat and the mouse were tried and certain features of their methods adopted and some new instruments used, so that the operation may accommodate itself more easily to routine practical use.
The procedures and instruments which serve best in our hand after much experience are here described and illustrated in detail.
The technic described here presents the advantages of simplicity, speed, total exposure of the pituitary and its removal under direct vision, the advantages of an operation easily performed both at an earlier age (weighing as little as 6 gram.) and at an older one (weighing over 20 gram.) with low mortality.

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In the previous paper (Nishiyama, 1952c), the writer presumed that the transparent fluid constituting a part of sperm-serum of a cock might be a fluid originated in blood. This experiment was performed by using isotope P32 to test whether this presumption might be true or not.
The specific activity of the transparent fluid was higher than that of blood at 10 minutes after the intravenous injection of 0.8mc. of P32. A severe decrease in specific activity of the fluid was observed for six hours after the injection, and thereafter, the grade of decrease became much slower. There seemed no temporary increase at all in the decreasing curve of the specific activity. Moreover, the decreasing curve of the secific activity of the transparent fluid resembled considerably to that of the plasma.
From these evidences, the writer believes that the transparent fluid is a fluid of blood origin.

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Daily doses of aqueous suspensions of 1mg or 10mg of an acetone dried anterior pituitary gland (cephalic lobe) obtained from fowls were daily injected subcutaneously into 18 laying hens for 7 to 10 days.
The ovarian follicles could be stimulated quite readily in the hens which received 10mg of dried pituitary. On the other hand, the injections of 1mg of dried pituitary produced little effect on the follicular growth, but caused ovulation of a few follicles in the abdominal cavity.
When ovary was subjected to marked stimulation by the administration and autopsy was performed rather late at about 44 hours after the last injection, the number of atretic follicles was found to have considerably increased.
A fluid of deep yellow in color was found in abdominal cavity whenever many atretic follicles had existed. It seemed that the fluid originated from the liquefaction of yolks of degenerating follicles.
The hens in which ovarian weight increased to more than 150g by stimulation of injected material, stopped egg production, and others continued normal ovulation substantially.

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(1) The hyaluronidase level was determined with sixty two semen samples obtained from 8 Holstein bulls and 5 bulls of Japanese Black Breed.
Determination was carried out on semen diluted with distilled water by viscosimetry according to BMCCLEAN'S technique, 5 hours after ejaculation.
No treatment such as homogenization or others was given to the semen and the enzyme of such semen we termed the semen-hyaluronidase.
The hyaluronidase level per cc. of ejaculate was culculated by the following formula (used by Mochida Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., Ltd., ), and shown in term of Viscosity Reducing Unit (V. R. U. ).
U=D×1200×1000/R×Factor of Hyaluronic acid (V.R.U.) D; Rate of dilution. R;Reaction time (sec.).
(2) The analyses of sixty two ejaculates were shown in table 1 and 2. In normal semen, level of semen-hyaluronidase per million of spermatozoa was as follows. (Mean ± confidence limit with a 95% probability) 105.73±6.28×2.05
(3) The relation of sperm count to enzyme activity was shown in fig. 1, In this studies, hyaluronidase activity was roughly proportional to sperm count.
The correlation coefficient of 0.648(p⟨0.001) was obtained between the hyaluronidase level and the sperm count.
(4) Analysis of variance indicated that, although there was no significant difference between the breeds (Holstein and Japanese Black Breed of Cattle) in semen-hyaluronidase levels per million of spermatozoa, there were significant differences among individuals of bulls.
(5) There was no seasonal differences in semen-hyaluronidase levels per million of spermatozoa.
(6) There was no correlation between the interval of ejaculation and the following semen characters.
Total level of semen-hyaluronidase in one ejaculate (semen-hyaluronidase level v. r. u./cc. × volume of ejaculate cc. ).
Semen-hyaluronidase level per cc. of semen.
Semen-hyaluronidase level per milllion of spermatozoa.
(7) Level of semen-hyaluronidase per million of spermatozoa had a negative correlation with both percentage of live sperm and motility (%) 5 hours after ejaculation, and had a positive correlation both decrease in live sperm and decrease in motility (%) from the initial to 5 hours' assay.
These relationships were presented in table 6.
(8) No significant relation could be found between the hyaluronidase level and age of bull or pH of semen.

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The thyroid function in the fowls was measured throughout a year to determine the seasonal pattern of thyroid activity. The thyroid activity was determined with serum protein-bound iodine by the method described by BARKER. The collections of serum were made in the latter part of every month. Serum protein-bound iodine was at the maximum level of 8.4γ% for females in the experiment in July and of 7.9γ% for males in May. A further decline occurred in the latter part of October to the minimum values of 5.1γ% for females and 5.3γ% for males. During winter and spring, however, the range of the thyroid secretion was too small to permit one to distinguish any large difference. Sex differences were observed in the seasonal rhythum of thyroid secretion.
It may be possible that the thyroid hormone secretion level was influenced by seasonal variation in environmental temperatures reported by MANSFELD, in the intensity and duration of daylight, in egg or sperm production, in moulting and etc.

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We tried the classification of the horses of the stone age in Japan by comparing the limb bones of the horses of the stone age with those of the existing native horses such as Kiso horse, Misaki horse, Hokkaido horse, Tokara pony, Korean pony and Mongolian horse.
1. The horses of the stone age can be classed according to their size, as Small size and Medium size. The horses of Izumi (Radius, Jomon Period, Kagoshima prefecture), Tayui (First phalanx, Yayoi period, Nagasaki Pref. ), Urigo (Metatarsalbone, Yayoi period, Aichi Pref.), Hirade (Humerus, Radius, Metatacarpal bone, Haji period Nagano Pref.) and Yoyama (Humerus, Jomonperiob, Chiba Pref.) belong to Small size, and those of Atsuta (Metacarpal bone, Yayoi period, Aichi Pref.), Hirai (Radius, Jomon period, Aichi Pref.), Kamoi (Radius, Yayoi period, Kanagawa Pref.) and Tabata (First phalanx. Yayoi period, Tokyo Metropolis) belong to Medium size, The horse of Mirinri (Radius, Korean stone age, Korea) is similar to the latter.
2. The native horses in Japan can be classed according to their size, as the Island type (Tokara pony) and the Inland type (Kiso, Misaki and Hokkaido horses). The height at withers of the former is about 114cm. and that of the latter is 132cm. or so. The horses of the stone age that belong to Small size are nearly the same in size with Tokara pony that is the Island type, and also have size nearly similar to the Korean pony and the horses of the southeastern region of Asia (Miyako pony, Hainan Island pony and Szechwan pony). Those that belong to Medium size are nearly the same in size with the native horses of Inland type and Mongolian horse in a narrow sense.

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As the Nagoyas had not yet been investigated as to the inheritance of their shank-and plumage-color and the genetic basis of shank-color in Silky fowls had also not been fully understood, the present investigation was undertaken to study the mode of inheritance regarding their shank-color.
Although there were two varieties of shank-color in Nagoyas i.e., slaty shanks and willow shanks, all the birds used in this experiment belonged to the former variety.
Three White Silky fowls were purchased from fancier in April, 1952. These were recognized homozygous as to the rose-comb, polydactyly, skank-feathers and shank-color by breeding test.
The following experimental crosses were carried out among these two breeds, purebred S. C. W. Leghorns and purebred B. P. Rocks.
1) Nagoya (_??__??_)×S. C. W. Leghorn (_??_)
2) S. C. W. Leghorn (_??__??_)×Nagoya (_??_)
3) Nagoya (_??__??_)×F1 (_??_)
4) S. C. W.Leghorn (_??__??_)×F1(_??_)
5) S. C. W. Leghorn (_??__??_)×W. Silky (_??_)
6) B. P. Rock (_??__??_)×W. Silky (_??_)
7) F1 (_??__??_)(B. P. Rock (_??__??_)×W. Silky (_??_)×F1 (_??_)(B. P. Rock (_??__??_)×W. Silky (_??_)
8) B. P. Rock (_??__??_)×F1 (_??_)(B. P. Rock (_??__??_)×W. Silky (_??_)
The following conclusions were drawn from the above experiments:
1. The slaty shank in Nagoyas is expressed by sex-linked genes, idid, non-inhibitor of dermal melanin, and autosomal genes, WW, inhibitor of epidermal lipochrome.
From this result combined with their plumagecolor, the genotype of the slaty shank in Nagoyas, is considered as follows: _??_-OOCCeeiiWWb-id-. _??_-OOCCeeiiWWbbidid
2. The expression of shank-color in White Silkies is mainly due to id gene, but the black shanks showing various degrees in the shade were observed unexpectedly in F1 males from the crosses of W. Leghorns ×W. Silkies or B. P. Rocks ×W. Silkies.
This may perhaps be caused by the partial suppression of barring induced by the stripe genes hidden under the white plumage in Silkies.
3. Though the shank-color of their progeny is somewhat obscured by the above mentioned reason, in the crosses of White Leghorns×White Silkies or Barred Plymouth Rocks×White Silkies, the inheritance of the comb and bill-color is a typical sexlinked one. Therefore we can surely identify the sex in the hybrid chicks at hatching.

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Great fecundity of bee-colony strength is indispensable for a good crop of honey since it cannot be gathered in the colony of poor strength.
Fecundity alone is not, of course, the decisive factor, but the essential basis of the nectar gathering in bee-colony.
Whether the colony strength becomes larger or not depends upon the egg production of the queen in the colony.
The egg production of queen is affected by the conditions of mating procedure, nectar and others, but it seems probable that the number of ovarioles is one of the main factors controling her egg production.
Therefore, the number of ovarioles in queen is considered here as an important character for the improvement of nectar gathering. However, this character cannot be confirmed except by autopsy.
Thus correlation between several morphological characters and the number of ovarioles was examined, and proboscis length was found to show the highest
negative correlation.
This negative correlation was found to be controled by non-hereditary factors, especially, the nutritional condition in laval stage. Therefore it is unconceivable that a queen with a large number of ovarioles should produce the worker-bee of short proboscis.
To use a virgin queen with a short proboscis as egg-laying queen was effective for the increase of colony strength. Further, it was found that a sufficient effect can be expected from the selection of queen-bee by means of measuring " Glossa " alone instead of the whole length of proboscis.

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It has been well established that the ovarian estrogenic hormone is responsible for prompt increases in calcium, phosphorus, fat, lipid and phosphoprotein (serum vitellin) in the serum of the fowl at the time of egg production, and that the administration of estrogen to the immature chick induces the increase in these substances in the serum.
The purpose of the present study is to determine by the serological technique if there exist sex and age differences in the serum vitellin production induced by the administration of estrogen to the chick.
The chicks used in this experiments were furnished from the flock of S. C. White Leghorn, in National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ChibaShi, Japan.
Anti-vitellin serum used in this experiments, was that immunity serum prepared by injecting the serum of the laying hen to rabbit, from which species specific antibody was excluded with the serum of the cock, and the potency of which is illustrated in Table 1.
Diethylstilbestrol (solution of 50mg. of stilbestrol in 20cc. of sesame oil) was injected intramuscularly to the chick in various daily doses.
Blood was collected from the wing vein of the estrogenized chick daily, from which the serum was separated by a centrifuge. (Antigen.)
Interfacial precipitation test was used for detecting the presence of serum vitellin.
The results obtained from the experiment with the groups in which estrogen injection was started on the 21st and 41st day after hatching are illustra ted in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Distinct sex difference was not observed in both experimental groups.
In both sexes the appropriate daily doses of estrogen fit enough for 20 day-old chicks and 40 day-old chicks to induce the serum vitellin production on the 5th day or so after the beginning of the injection were 0.25mg. and 0. 375mg. respe ctively.
Daily injection of 0.125mg. of stilbestrol proved to be effective to induce serum vitellin production about on the 7th day after the beginning of the injection in 20 day-old chicks of each sex, but not effective in 40 day-old chicks in spite of injections for 20 consecutive days. These results may imply the existence of that threshold value of daily dose of estrogen fit enugh to induce the serum vitellin production, which increases in proportion to the increasing age and live-weight of the chick.
Table 4 demonstrates the results obtained from the experiments with the group injected daily with estrogen from the 61st day after hatching, showing a significant delay in the appearance of the response in male chicks as compared with female chicks in every experimental lot of different dose.
A similar tendency was observed in the experiments with the group, in which the estrogen injection started on the 91st day after hatching (Table 5).
In both experimental groups of 60 day-and 90 day-old chicks, the daily doses of estrogen appropriate enough to induce the serum vitellin production on the 5th day or so after the beginning of the injection for males and females were estimated to be 0.50-0.625mg. and 0.25-0.375mg. respectively.
It appeared that the female chicks became more sensitive to estrogen for the serum vitellin production in the liver than the male chicks, being stimulated by the successive secretion of endogenous estrogen, even if in a small amount, from their own ovaries, which presumably augmented the activity in about 40-60 days of age. Further experiments with castrated males and ovariectomized females will be needed on this point.

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As the first step of the investigation on the mechanism of exhibition of dairy performance, the structural changes of mammary tissues of three lactating goats with different performance were studied onfive stages. Results obtained here are briefly summarized as follows.
(1) As there was no significant difference in the tendency of decrease of daily production after the maximum period between these three goats, the peak production and duration of lactation, especially the former had a great influence upon the total production.
(2) In the mammary tissue such characters as number of alveolus per lobulus, sectional area of alveolus and number of glandular cells per section of alveolus decreased with the abvance of lactation. Whereas number of alveolus per sight field and height of glandular cells increased, the coefficients of sectional area of alveolus decreased a little. Particularly, the tendency of decrease of sectional area of alveolus was similar to that of milk production.
(3) Such characters as the sectional area of alveolus, number of glandular cells per section of alveolus and number of alveolus per lobulus may be important qualities of mammary tissue which related to milk production. And further, it seems to be necessary for exhibiting high production that these characters are as large as possible, and decrease very slowly after the maximum period. Accordingly, it may be important in the selection of dairy animals to judge precisely on several stages of the lactation the mammary gland quantity and quality as the response of the gland to the stimulators.

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The present paper deals with the examination of the pedigree of albino calves and their hair structure.
1. Three albino calves were found in a progeny of the registered Holstein-Friesian Bull in Japan. Examination of the paternal and maternal pedigrees revealed that they had originated from the same great grandam as a common ancestor. (Fig. 1, 2, e 3 and 4)
2. It is probable that the albino character of these calves is transmitted by a recessive gene which has been carried by Holstein-Friesian cattle imported from America, and that the albinos are of the same origin as those already reported in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
3. The ghost patterns were found also in these albinos. The cream coloration in the area of the ghost pattern is due to hair structure, not to pigmentation. The hairs from the white area are characterized by thicker medulla and thinner cortex than those from the cream area, in both the summer and winter seasons (Fig, 5 and 6). The hairs from the ghost pattern have no pigment granules.

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The present study has been carried out to observe changes of the hair follicle population in the Corriedale sheep skin in relation to lamb growth. The animals examined were 4 Corriedale lambs and a small patch of skin was taken from the shoulder, side and the thigh region of each lamb at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after birth. Each skin sample was prepared histologically and the differences of the follicle densities, of the follicle bundle densities and of the diameters of the follicles due to different individuals and also to different body regions and ages of lambs, were studied.
The results obtained were as follows;
(1) The follicle density and the follicle bundle density in the skin of Corriedale sheep were found to vary according to ages of lambs. The maximum values of density were observed at 1 month or 3 months of age and the decreased values after these months until 9 months after birth.
(2) The relative values of the follicle density and the follicle bundle density in different body regions of lambs differed in different individuals and of definite order in the values was found.
(3) The mean diameters of the follicles varied according to individuals, to body regions and also to ages of lambs. They showed the highest values at 3 or 6 months after birth, and the decreased values after these months until 9 months after birth.
The larger diameters were found at the side or thigh region, and the smaller at the shoulder region.
(4) When the diameters of the primary follicles were compared with those of the secondary follicles of different body regions and also of different ages after birth, a tendency that the former was larger than the latter was observed.

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The mean values and the variances in every year of birth were calculated concerning the 12 parts of the physical characters of the body of 514 Advanced Registry Milk-cows (full-age type) which were born during the 20 years from 1931 to 1950.
All parts of the physical characters of the body indicated the remarkable changes during these 20 years.
Generally speaking, it was recognized that the curve connecting the points of the mean values began to go down in 1933 and showed the lowest points in 1942. Since the year of 1942, the curve began to rise again and continued to rise till 1947.
It kept the same height from that time, but, there occured the phenomena of deterioration in two or three parts.
Further, as to the causes of this change, it may be supposed that they has been due to the various circumstances (mainly fodders and management labours), except the change of hipbones width from 1931 to 1938.

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Physiological effects of two hours moderate exercise for pulling the sledge, of which the average total resistance is 12% for the body weight, are studied in three Japanese Brown breed cows of standard type.
Results obtained are summarized as follows:
(1) The body temperature and number of respiration increased gradually throught the exercise.
(2) The pulse rate increased during initial 30 minutes of the exercise and did not increase there-after.
(3) Although the statistical significance is unsatisfactory, the blood lactic acid and blood sugar increased also during initial 30 minutes of the exercise and did not increase thereafter.
(4) When the exercise is continued 1 hour or more, the sedimentation velocity of red blood cells tended to increase slowly, but the statistical significance is still questionable.
(5) The hemoglobin, blood moisture and specific viscosity of the blood did not change significantly throughout the exercise.

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1. The authors have studied on the relation between the body-size and the work power in the horse.This report concerns with the connection between the body-weight and the work power.
The test animals were adult horses and ponies of such breeds as Korean, Hokkaido and half-bred ones, and amounted to 21 heads, their body-weight being ranged from 185 to 622 kg. Some practical work powers were compared with the maximum pulling power of the animals in elation to their body-weight.
2. When the animals were made to work in pulling carts or wagons whose mean draft resistance was about one tenth of body-weight, there was no significant cerrelation between the walking speed and the body-weight.
When they ploughed paddy-field with a Japanese plough, significant correlation was recognized between above two factors, i.e., the lighter the body-weight was, the slower the speed was.
In riding test in repeated walking for 10 minutes followed by trotting for 5 minutes, the Korean ponies of ca. 200kg in body-weight were remarkably slower in speed than the heavier horses.
It may be concluded that the speed of the horses has no remarkable correlation to the body-weight, so far as the work is adequate for the body-weight.The speed is influenced by the length of stride and the frequency of stride per minute. The frequency of stride per minute of horses of heavy body-weights seemed to be less, while the length of stride had a tendency to be larger than each of horses of light body ones.
3. The ploughing of paddy-field with the Japanese plough was too heavy a work for the Korean pony whose body-weight was about 200kg. The Hokkaido pony, about 300kg in body-weight, , seemed to be the smallest horse which could pull easily the Japanese plough in the paddy-field.
The correlation coefficient between the area to be ploughed and the body-weight of the horse was found 'to be +0.92. And the heavier horses showed the tendency of ploughing more deeply than the lighter ones.
4. The maximum weight of load to be packed as well as to be pulled by horses had a close relation to the body-weight of the animals, the correlation coefficient being +0.91 and +0.98 respectively.Although the maximum pulling power of horses was almost proportional to their body-weight, the maximum packing, ability was out of the proportion.The light horses could pack heavy loads unproportional to their body-weight.
It seemed that the pulling power was different from the packing ability in regard to the body-weight.
The regression coefficient in percentage of the area surrounded by four hoofs of the horse was quite similar to that of the maximum load weight to be packed in relation to the body-weight.
From the above fact it may be concluded that the area surrounded by four hoofs has some relation to the packing ability. The authors presume that the load weight per unit of the area is nearly constant, i.e., 3850g per 100sq.cm.

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1) We compared the vertical movement of the body of horses and cattle, drafting the sleigh weighted 200kg, with the unstrained walk, by means of a serial photography and a cyclegram.
2) The body-axis of horses, which moves like a both-end-supported-beam in the unstrained walk, shows a modified feature by sliding the phase between the head and back. The movement of the head and neck increases, and that of the hind parts, on the contrary, decreases extremely. The alteration of walking manner, especially stretching, weighting and stepping, become more distinct, and the difference of the elasticity of walking between horses and cattle is redoubled.
3) When animals draft some load they always hold a certain working posture and maintain it during the work. The movement of the fore hand is strengthened and that of the hind continues to show a monotonous transition on the locus in photography.We can presume through these features of movement that the locomotion of the body weight has been facilitated by mighty movement of the fore hand, and the hind limbs work mainly for drafting of the load.

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1) The process of alteration of the joint-angle, during the time when the horses and cattle draft the sleigh weighted 200kg, has been traced on a serial photography, and compared with that of the unstrained walk.
2) The movement of the body-axis remains without variation from the unstrained walk, but the alteration of inclination-angles of head and neck is exaggerated and that of the hip is diminished, because of holding a working posture. It seems that the walking manner in both horses and cattle is by far hardened, because the stretching and flexion of the joints of extremities is simultaneous with the period of stepping.
3) Drafting of the load limits the movement of the upper parts of the body, and forces the fore limb to step high, and the period during which the hind limb strides foreward is shortened.

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1) The distance passed through and time required for 10 strides were measured on every stage of drafting the load, which has been increased in advance by 45Kg, and the correlation among the load, the stride-length and the time required, was discussed.
2) That the stride-length decreases successively with the increasing load, has been proved in common with the horses aud cattle. We can recognize a linear relation between them.
3) Moreover, it was recognized that the cattle accelerate the pitch of walk, and there is a linear relationship between the stride-length and the pitch. But we could find no correlation between them in horses.

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(1) Cecum contents of three rabbits which were killed at 4 or 8.5 hours after feeding, were divided into 4 parts and analysed. No difference was found among their compositions.
(2) The feces of rabbits, fed on the mixture of wheat bran and hay, were collected daily for 3 or 7 days. Then the rabbits were killed and cecal contents were collected. The feed. daily feces and cecal contents were analysed. The results showed that the cecal contents contain much more crude protein and much less crude fiber and pentosan than those in the feed and feces.

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To get a pure culture of the cellulose-decomposing bacteria, there has been devised 1% agar plate composed of K2HPO4(1.0g), CaCO3(2.0g), MgSO5(0.5g), (NH4)2SO4(1.0g), NaCl(trace), distilled water (1000cc), and agar (1.0g). In this method, cellulose is not used, but the cellulose-decomposing bacteria and the other bacteria form colonies. In dilute methodpure culture is obtained. When inoculated on cellulose, these cellulose-decomposing bacteria, which are obtained by this method, do not diminish their activity, In this agar plate, the mesophilic cellulose-decomposing bacteria and also the thermophilic cellulose-decomposing bacteria are cultured, but the latter is rarely seen. On this point fnrther investigation will be continued. It has been found in the first experiment that by using the specific agar after culturing in OMELIANSKY medium, a pure culture of the cellulose-decomposing bacteria were obtained in a compatively short time. Shortening of the isolation stadium, is due to the apply of the specific agar, but not the apply of OMELIANSKY medium. It takes about 30-50 days to get a pure culture, but if OMELIANSKY stadium will be shortened, the isolation will become more easy. For this purpose, it has been explained in the second experiment that carbohydrate is a good stimulus to cellulose-decomposition. Especially pentose group and some of hexose group are found excellent.

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The energy balance experiments were carried out with two castrated Saanen bucks to determine their maintenance reqirements of energy, in which they received a different amount of orchard grass hay, insufficient for maintenance, in each of the two successive periods.
The experimental data of the bucks were given in Table I and II, and the energy balances were shown in Table III and IV, of which the heat production per day had deen determined by indirect calorimetry. Thus the amount of energy for maintenance was computed. (See Table V and VI).
From these results it is concluded as follows:
(1) The maintenance requirement of the 50kg goat is 936Cal. of net energy or 1, 843Cal. of metabolizable energy, and the proportion of the metabolizable energy available for maintenance is 50.82% in average.
(2) A 50kg goat requires 980g of the orchard grass hay for exact maintenannce, which is corresponding to about 2% of its live weight.
(3) The net energy value of this hay was 0.96 therm per kg.

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Two feeding trials were carried out to determíne the value of two sorts of dried yeast, dehydrated at low and high temperature for milk production, which had been made from sulfite spent liquor. In the first trial, the low temperature dried yeast was compared with the same amount of linseed meal which constituted 15 per cent of the concentrate ration, employing the double reversal design with six cows. When the cows were fed on the dried yeast ratíon in place of the linseed meal ration, their butter fat production increased by about 6.2% but their body wieghts slightly decreased; the difference of butter fat yield between two feeding treatments was statistically significant.
In the second trial which was designed by 3×3 Latin square with 9 cows, the comparison between the low and high temperature dried yeast rations and the linseed meal ration was made; those three rations were formulated to have the same amounts of T. D. N. and digestible protein.
The two sorts of dried yeast were shown to be of very similar feeding value for the dairy cows, the difference between them being slightly in favour of the high temperature dried yeast without statistical significance. It was proved that 10 parts linseed meal was equivalent in feeding effect of dairy cows to 8 parts dried yeast plus 3 parts molasses.

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We studied on the methylen blue reductase test, specially BARTHER'S method, of milk.
Results obtained are as follows:
1. pH of milk has a marked influence upon reducing time particularly, and in pH 8.0-8.5 of milk this test indicates the shortest reducing time.
2. The shaking, aeration and copper ion for milk increase the reducing time.
3. An addition of a little sodium sulphate and vitamin C to milk decrease the reducing time.
4. Reduction-oxidation potential of milk has always a marked influence on reducing time, and we will continue to study on this potential and the other problems.

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The preparation of crystalline rennin is summerized in the scheme mentioned above. Under this, conditions rennin crystallizes in the form of needles. The melting point of the crystals is 225-227°C (decompose). The cristals are easily dissolved in water, diluted hydrochloric acid or dilute salt solutions into a watery, clear, colorless and viscous solution. The milkclotting power of crystalline rennin is 1.0×107 units, buthas little proteolytic power.

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The changes of amino acid both in the calf skin and in lime solution in the proccess of liming were examined chiefly by paper chromatography The results are as follows:
(1) Amino acids, detected in the calf skin at the early stage of liming were of sixteen kinds, such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, cystine, thyrosine, histidine, threonine, arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and oxyproline. Three of these amino acids; cystine, threonine and histidine vanished after 10 or 15 days of liming, while thirteen other amino acids were detected even after the skin had been soaked for 20 days.
(2) By liming some sorts of amino acid of the calf skin were dissolved in lime solution. Most of these amino acids construct soluble protein, such as albumin, globulin, mucoid and so on.
Most of them are presumed to have been dissolved in lime solution by 10th day or so after soaking in lime solution, considering the rise and fall of the quantity of volatile ammonia in lime solution, and the kind of amino acids soluble in lime solution.
(3) Insoluble protein in the skin is also being resolved little by ltttle by saturated lime solution, and it is considered that the desoluble ammount of amino acid should increase if it was soaked in lime solution for a long time.
That is to say, the chief amino acids composing collagen, lysine, arginine, proline and oxyproline were surely detected after the skin was soaked for about 20 days.
(4) Gelatine can be obtained by heating collagen fibre together with water. In this case most important point for making fine quality of gelatine is that the collagen, not yet desolved and as pure as possible, should be used as materials.
Considering this experiments and results written in the preceding chapters, it is deducted that the skin should be soaked in lime solution for about 20 days at 18°C for the purpose of making gelatine from calf skin.

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In order to investigate the relation between the period of liming and the quality of leather and gelatine, the calf skin has been soaked in the saturated lime solution at 18°C, and the leather and gelatine have been made one after another.
Through the various tests, following results were obtained:
(1) The calf skin was tanned rather well after it was soaked in lime solution for 6 days or 10 days, Especially that of 8 days treatment in lime solution was of the best quality as the leather, as that was proper in the grain layer and section of the leather, the tention strength being bighest.
(2) Gelatine made from the calf skin after it was soaked for 20 days in lime solution, was the best in quality. The suitable period of liming of calf skin for making gelatine is from 17 days to 23 days at 18°C.
(3) As the rusults of this rasearch, it was proved that what the writer maintained in the preceding chapters, was not mistaken.

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