Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
Online ISSN : 1880-8255
Print ISSN : 1346-907X
ISSN-L : 1880-8255
Volume 31, Issue 6
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
  • Eiji SENDA
    1961 Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 283-289
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • I. Influences of grazing and hay feeding on rumen fermentation and viable counts of rumen microorganisms
    Fumio SHIBATA, Keiji OGIMOTO, Choseki FURUSAKA
    1961 Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 290-294
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The rumen fermentation and viable counts of microorganisms of the rumen were compared between goats grazed on native fresh grass and those fed hay prepared from native grass. The results and findings obtained are as follows.
    The viable counts of anaerobes appearing on glucose media were 2.0-9.3×1010 and 8.2×107-7.5×108 per ml of rumen contents of the grazed animal on September 23 and November 3, respectively. Then they were reduced to 2.5-7.5×107 on January 23 during hay feeding. The viable counts of aerobes on glucose media at the same dates were 1.6-7.7×109 (Sept. 23), 10-6.O×107 (Nov. 3), and 2.5×106-3.5×107 (Jan. 23). The conuts of microorganisms, regardless of anaerobes and aerobes, on glucose media showed some decrease at the final stage of grazing and the stage of hay feeding.
    Changes in viable counts of certain microorganisms occurred after the feed intake. The number of anaerobes on glucose medium decreased 3 hours after feeding, but that of certain anaeroles grown on cellobiose-, succinate-, and lactate-media increased conversely. On the other hand, the number of aerobes on glucose medium increased after feed intake, while organisms on cellobiose-, succinate-, and lactate-media decreased in number.
    The level of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid of a goat was higher during grazing than during hay feeding. Moreover, in the rumen fluid, large amounts of propionic and butyric acids were produced during grazing, but acetic acid was predominant during hay feeding.
    The pH values of the rumen fluids were 6.4-7.1, showing no difference between grazing and hay feeding.
    The Eh values of the rumen contents seemed to be lower during grazing than during hay feeding.
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  • I. Sodium and-Potasaium contents in milk ash
    Tsuneaki IMAMURA, Kei KATAOKA
    1961 Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 295-299
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    During a period of 1957 to 1960, 106 samples of market milk, 83 of composite raw milk, and 71 of individual raw milk were collected monthly from various milk plants and regions and 5 Holstein cows. These and 22 samples of whole-milk and skim-milk powder, which had been manufactured at various areas in Japan in different seasons, were examined for mineral contents.
    The samples were ignized at 55-600°C and 13 elements, K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, Si, Zn, Sn, Cu, Mo, Mn, B, and Al, were identified as normal constituents by the arc method. The amounts of these elements were estimated.
    At first, K and Na were determined by the flame photometric method and their regional, seasonal, and individual variations were considered. The K contents of individual raw, compositeraw, and market milk, and skim-milk and whole-milk powder were 230.68 (n=71), 216.75 (n=83), 201.33 (n=106), 234.37 (n=15), and 228.38 (n=7)mg per g of ash, respectively. The Na contents of the same milk and milk products were 80.38 (n=71), 75.50 (n=82), 72, 03 (n=105), 67.47 (n=15), and 70.62 (n=7)mg per g of ash, respectively.
    The K contents of milk ash were smaller in late winter and early spring than in the other seasons. The highest level of this element was reached from summer to early autumn. The low level of K in early spring was caused by an increase of late-lactation-period milk. During the last two months of the lactation period, K contents rapidly decreased, as shown in fig. 1. On the other hand, Na contents increased gradually. Therefore, seasonal changes were not somarked in Na contents as in K contents. Regional and individual differences, however, werelarger in Na contents than in K contents.
    When stochasticalby considered, the correlation coefficient between the K and Na contents. of raw milk was negative (p<0.05) and that of powdered milk was insignificant.
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  • II. Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus Contents and P/Ca Ratio in Milk Ash
    Tsuneaki IMAMURA, Kei KATAOKA
    1961 Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 300-303
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The contents of Ca, Mg, and P of the same samples as dseribed in the previous report were estimated by the chelate titration method and the molybdenum blue method, and P/Ca ratios calculated. The Ca contents of individual raw milk, composite raw milk, market milk, skim-milk powder, and whole-milk powder were 148.04(n=71), 149.89(n=83), 156.43(n=107), 152.72(n=15), and 146.01(n=7) mg per g of ash, respectively. The Mg contents of the same milk and milk products were 13.83, 15.69, 15.83, 14.29, and 13.41mg and the P contents of them were 126.68, 123.64, 124.26, 118.87, and 119.01mg per g of ash, respectively. Accordingly, the sum total of K, Na, Ca, and Mg contents occupied about 46% of milk ash.
    Of the 3 elements, Ca showed the most remarkable difference in content between seasons and between regions, and was almost constant in content. The mean value of P/Ca ratio of raw milk was about 0.81. This value was the lowest in mid-summer and the highest in winter and early spring during the year. A remarkable increase in Ca and a slightly decrease in P contents were observed in the late period of lactation. Therefore, the P/Ca ratio was lower in late-lactation-period milk than in normal milk. Since milk yields increase from winter to early spring, the seasonal change of P/Ca ratio as stated above cannot be explained from the increase of late-lactation-period milk.
    The correlation coefficient between P/Ca ratio and P content was positive (P<0.001), but that between P/Ca ratio and Ca contents was insignificant (P>0.5). Accordingly, the seasonal changes in P/Ca ratio was not due to the presence of abnormal milk in which the salt balance had been lost by excess of Ca or Mg ions.
    The Mg content increased gradually with advance in lactation stage. The most remarkable change in individual cows was shown in the content of Ca of the 3 elements.
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  • Kunio YAMAUCHI
    1961 Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 304-308
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    One per cent solution of whole whey protein (pH 6.7, containing 0.08 M NaCl) was heated at various temperatures for ten minutes with or without sugars. After dialysis against phosphate buffer (pH 8.0, μ=0.1), it was analyzed by electrophoresis. The most labile component was immune globulin, the half of which disappeared on heating at 65°C. Heating at 75°C caused the appearance of a new peak between β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, The presence of 4% lactoSe at heating did not affect the appearance of this component significantly, but that of 10 or 20% lactose was found to inhibit it apparently. The inhibitory effects of glucose and sucrose were also shown. Glucose was the most, lactose moderately, and sucrose the least effective in inhibition.
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  • IV. Hatchability of F1 hybrids and their parental purebred chick embryos
    Takatada KAWAHARA
    1961 Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 309-313
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Within and between-beeed matings were performed among 11 sires and 84 dams of White Leghorns (WL) and 11 sires and 58 dams of Barred Plymouth Rocks (BPR). The averagecoefficients of inbreeding of parental purebreds were 2.3, 4.6, 5.1, and 3.9 per cent in WL sires, WL dams, BPR sires, and BPR dams, respectively. The mating systems were such that these purebreds and F1 hybrids were materenal half-sibs. Accordingly, comparison as possible between groups of pure and crossbred types. Data were collected from 1, 934 purebred and 2, 316 crossbred fertile eggs. The average hatchability and embryonic mortality at different incubation periods, which were determined with significance tests based on chi-square, are given in Tables 1 and 2. Abnormal embryos observed after various matings are shown in Table 3. The results of statistical analysis of the data obtained are summarized as follows:
    1) The average hatchability of fertile eggs was 7.47% higher among F1 hybrid embryos than purebreds (WL=88.16%, BPR=81.47%, WL_??_×BPR_??_=92.59%, and BPR_??_×WL_??_=91.97%). It was 6.69% higher in WL than in BPR. These differences were statistically significant at the 1% level. The hatchability of fertile eggs was 0.62% higher in WL_??_×BPR_??_ than its reciprocal, but this difference was not statistically significant.
    2) The mortality rate of embryos after the 19th day of incubation was lower in F1 hybrids than purebreds (WL=7.04% and BPR=8.68% vs. WL_??_×BPR_??_=2.62% and BPR_??_×WL_??_=2.47%), and these differences were statistcally significant at the 1% level. It is obvious that the main cause of difference in average hatchability between the purebreds and F1 hybrids was the presence of embryos found dead in the later period of incubation. The percentages of embryos found dead at various periods of incubation were remarkably higher in BPR than in any other group.
    3) The non-genetic abnormalities observed were classified according to defect types. The percentages of abnormalities found in various groups are given in Table 3. The percentage of abnormalities was higher among BPR-maternal embryos than WL-maternal ones (BPR-maternal groups=0.52% vs. WL-maternal groups=0.160) and this difference was close to the significance level (x2=3.34, .10>P>.05). The difference of 0.27% in occurrence of abnormalities between the purebreds and F1 hybrids (purebreds=0.15% vs. crossbreds=0.42%) was not statistically significant.
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  • Takeo ABE
    1961 Volume 31 Issue 6 Pages 314-321
    Published: 1961
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The time trends in milk yield and percent fat in the Advanced Registry Holstein cows of the Hokkaido region in Japan were analyzed statistically and expressed quantitatively in terms of contributions of changes in four different factors: environment, dam's birth years, sires, and towns involved.
    Atotal of 2, 382 records from the same number of cows tested during the 1948-58 period were used for each trait. Regression of each trait on the year of test was estimated for each of the two divisions (1948-51 and 1951-58) of the period under observation and for each of the two locality groups (four towns of "advanced" cattle-breeding areas and the other towns), as well as for all the towns combined. Then, each of these estimates of regression was partitioned into portions attributable to the four individual factors.
    The results of the analysis were presented graphically and some of the important points revealed in the analysis were discussed with special reference to the shift of the emphasis in breeding, feeding, and management from milk yield to fat percentage in response to the rising general interest in the postwar days, differences between the locality groups in rapidity and sharpness of such response, and causes of the trend of decline in milk yield during the later part of the period. The extent of genetic improvement in each of the characters in question was also discussed in relation to the trend in the actual records and contribution of the bulls imported after World War II.
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