巻号一覧
31 巻, 6 号
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千田 英二1961 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 283-289
発行日: 1961年
公開日: 2008/03/10
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (724K) -
I. 胃内菌相と発酵型に対する青草および乾草給与の影響の比較柴田 章夫, 扇元 敬司, 古坂 澄石1961 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 290-294
発行日: 1961年
公開日: 2008/03/10
ジャーナル フリーThe rumen fermentation and viable counts of microorganisms of the rumen were compared between goats grazed on native fresh grass and those fed hay prepared from native grass. The results and findings obtained are as follows.
The viable counts of anaerobes appearing on glucose media were 2.0-9.3×1010 and 8.2×107-7.5×108 per ml of rumen contents of the grazed animal on September 23 and November 3, respectively. Then they were reduced to 2.5-7.5×107 on January 23 during hay feeding. The viable counts of aerobes on glucose media at the same dates were 1.6-7.7×109 (Sept. 23), 10-6.O×107 (Nov. 3), and 2.5×106-3.5×107 (Jan. 23). The conuts of microorganisms, regardless of anaerobes and aerobes, on glucose media showed some decrease at the final stage of grazing and the stage of hay feeding.
Changes in viable counts of certain microorganisms occurred after the feed intake. The number of anaerobes on glucose medium decreased 3 hours after feeding, but that of certain anaeroles grown on cellobiose-, succinate-, and lactate-media increased conversely. On the other hand, the number of aerobes on glucose medium increased after feed intake, while organisms on cellobiose-, succinate-, and lactate-media decreased in number.
The level of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid of a goat was higher during grazing than during hay feeding. Moreover, in the rumen fluid, large amounts of propionic and butyric acids were produced during grazing, but acetic acid was predominant during hay feeding.
The pH values of the rumen fluids were 6.4-7.1, showing no difference between grazing and hay feeding.
The Eh values of the rumen contents seemed to be lower during grazing than during hay feeding.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (452K) -
I. 灰分中のナトリウムおよびカリウム量今村 経明, 片岡 啓1961 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 295-299
発行日: 1961年
公開日: 2008/03/10
ジャーナル フリー牛乳および乳製品の無機塩類に関する研究の第一段階として,発光分光分析によつて,K, Na, Ca, Mg,P, Si, Zn, Sn, Cu, Mo, Mn, B, P, Al等の常成分元素を確認し,その定量を行ない,まずKおよびNaについて報告した.試料として粉乳22,市乳106,合乳83,および個体乳71点を1957～1960年に採取し,地域,季節,個体および泌乳時期による変化を検討した.採取は毎月1回とし,試料は550～600°Cで灰化し,炎光分光分析によつて定量した.
その結果,灰分1g中のKおよびNa量は,生乳ではそれぞれ216.75および75.50mgであつたが,市乳ではこれより抵く,201.33および72.03mgであつた.このこと特にKの減少は,原乳とその処理乳とを直接比較することによつて明らかであるが,その理由については検討中である.牛乳中のKは,冬から春にかけて低くなり,夏と秋は高い.これは,この時期に末期乳が多くなるためである.5頭の乳牛の総計8泌乳期について調べたところ,泌乳停止の前月から,急激にKが減少することが認められた.Naは逆に,泌乳末期に向かつて増加するが,その変化は緩徐であるため,季節的差異も,Kほどには認められない.また牛乳中のKとNa量は,5%レベルで負の相関を示した.すなわち,KとNa量の高低は,相反する傾向がある.地域および個体による差は,Naではきわめて大きいが,Kでば小さくて,その量は比較的一定している.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (349K) -
II. 灰分中のカルシウム,マグネシウムおよび燐とP/Ca比今村 経明, 片岡 啓1961 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 300-303
発行日: 1961年
公開日: 2008/03/10
ジャーナル フリーThe contents of Ca, Mg, and P of the same samples as dseribed in the previous report were estimated by the chelate titration method and the molybdenum blue method, and P/Ca ratios calculated. The Ca contents of individual raw milk, composite raw milk, market milk, skim-milk powder, and whole-milk powder were 148.04(n=71), 149.89(n=83), 156.43(n=107), 152.72(n=15), and 146.01(n=7) mg per g of ash, respectively. The Mg contents of the same milk and milk products were 13.83, 15.69, 15.83, 14.29, and 13.41mg and the P contents of them were 126.68, 123.64, 124.26, 118.87, and 119.01mg per g of ash, respectively. Accordingly, the sum total of K, Na, Ca, and Mg contents occupied about 46% of milk ash.
Of the 3 elements, Ca showed the most remarkable difference in content between seasons and between regions, and was almost constant in content. The mean value of P/Ca ratio of raw milk was about 0.81. This value was the lowest in mid-summer and the highest in winter and early spring during the year. A remarkable increase in Ca and a slightly decrease in P contents were observed in the late period of lactation. Therefore, the P/Ca ratio was lower in late-lactation-period milk than in normal milk. Since milk yields increase from winter to early spring, the seasonal change of P/Ca ratio as stated above cannot be explained from the increase of late-lactation-period milk.
The correlation coefficient between P/Ca ratio and P content was positive (P<0.001), but that between P/Ca ratio and Ca contents was insignificant (P>0.5). Accordingly, the seasonal changes in P/Ca ratio was not due to the presence of abnormal milk in which the salt balance had been lost by excess of Ca or Mg ions.
The Mg content increased gradually with advance in lactation stage. The most remarkable change in individual cows was shown in the content of Ca of the 3 elements.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (319K) -
山内 邦男1961 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 304-308
発行日: 1961年
公開日: 2008/03/10
ジャーナル フリー1%の乳清蛋白質溶液(pH6.7,NaCl0.08Mを含む)を各種温度で10分間ずつ加熱したときの変化を電気泳動的に観察し(pH80,μ=0.1燐酸塩緩衝液),未加熱乳清蛋白質と比較した.
免疫グロプリン•フラクシヨンがもつとも熱に不安定で,65°C10分加熱で約半分が消失する75°C10分加熱では,β-ラクトグロプリンとα-ラクトアルブミンの間にあらたな峰が出現する
この成分の生成に対して,加熱時20%の乳糖の共存は,抑制的に作用するが,4%の乳糖では,その効果は検出されないシヨ糖およびプドウ糖にも抑制効果が認められたこれらの糖を抑制効果の順にならべると,ブドウ糖>乳糖>シヨ糖となる抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (561K) -
IV.孵化率に対する影響河原 孝忠1961 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 309-313
発行日: 1961年
公開日: 2008/03/10
ジャーナル フリーWithin and between-beeed matings were performed among 11 sires and 84 dams of White Leghorns (WL) and 11 sires and 58 dams of Barred Plymouth Rocks (BPR). The averagecoefficients of inbreeding of parental purebreds were 2.3, 4.6, 5.1, and 3.9 per cent in WL sires, WL dams, BPR sires, and BPR dams, respectively. The mating systems were such that these purebreds and F1 hybrids were materenal half-sibs. Accordingly, comparison as possible between groups of pure and crossbred types. Data were collected from 1, 934 purebred and 2, 316 crossbred fertile eggs. The average hatchability and embryonic mortality at different incubation periods, which were determined with significance tests based on chi-square, are given in Tables 1 and 2. Abnormal embryos observed after various matings are shown in Table 3. The results of statistical analysis of the data obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The average hatchability of fertile eggs was 7.47% higher among F1 hybrid embryos than purebreds (WL=88.16%, BPR=81.47%, WL_??_×BPR_??_=92.59%, and BPR_??_×WL_??_=91.97%). It was 6.69% higher in WL than in BPR. These differences were statistically significant at the 1% level. The hatchability of fertile eggs was 0.62% higher in WL_??_×BPR_??_ than its reciprocal, but this difference was not statistically significant.
2) The mortality rate of embryos after the 19th day of incubation was lower in F1 hybrids than purebreds (WL=7.04% and BPR=8.68% vs. WL_??_×BPR_??_=2.62% and BPR_??_×WL_??_=2.47%), and these differences were statistcally significant at the 1% level. It is obvious that the main cause of difference in average hatchability between the purebreds and F1 hybrids was the presence of embryos found dead in the later period of incubation. The percentages of embryos found dead at various periods of incubation were remarkably higher in BPR than in any other group.
3) The non-genetic abnormalities observed were classified according to defect types. The percentages of abnormalities found in various groups are given in Table 3. The percentage of abnormalities was higher among BPR-maternal embryos than WL-maternal ones (BPR-maternal groups=0.52% vs. WL-maternal groups=0.160) and this difference was close to the significance level (x2=3.34, .10>P>.05). The difference of 0.27% in occurrence of abnormalities between the purebreds and F1 hybrids (purebreds=0.15% vs. crossbreds=0.42%) was not statistically significant.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (435K) -
阿部 猛夫1961 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 314-321
発行日: 1961年
公開日: 2008/03/10
ジャーナル フリー最近約10年間における北海道の高等登録牛の泌乳量および乳脂率のすう勢が,どのように4つの遺伝的ならびに環境的要因の変化の影響から成つているかを量的に分析し,遺伝的改良の実態を明らかにする目的で,昭和23年から33年に至に間の2,382頭の検定記録(1頭1記録)を用いて,おのおの形質の検定年次に対する回歸を推定し,さらにその回歸の値を,環境,母の生年,父および地区(市町村)の4要因の寄与分に分解することを試みた.分析は,全期間を昭和23～26年と昭和26～33年の2期に分けて行ない,また,関係全市町村をコミにした分析のほかに,いわゆる先進ブリーダー地区と目される4市町と,その他の市町村の2つに分けた分析も行なつた.
分析の結果をグラフで示し,主要な点について,戦後における乳脂率への関心の高まりに伴う,飼養管理および改良の面の重点の転移(泌乳量から乳脂率へ),先進ブジーダー地区(4市町)とそれ以外の地区におけるこのような重点の転移の程度および遲速の差,26年頃以降にみられる泌乳量記録の年々の低下傾向の原因などを中心に考察した.また,表に現われた記録の動きと遺伝的改良との関係、さらに遺伝的改良に対する戦後の輸入種牡牛の寄与について考察した.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (683K)
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