For the puropose to know the influence of alkali on collagen fibers in liming using Ca(OH)₂ or Ca(OH)₂+Na₂S, we carried out various experiments by combinating two typical conditions (mild or severe) at to the following factors, which had an influence on the liming condition; weight and freshness of skin and hide, temperture and period in liming and quantity and concentration of lime liquor.
After the liming, some properties of collagen fibers, i.e., amounts of collagen solubility by lime solution, the contents of amide nitrogen, its digestibility by trypsin and amounts of Cr₂O³ absorbed by hide substance were determined.
As the results of the experiments, the following relations were recognized.
In pure Ca(OH)₂ liming, its concentration had no effect on the amounts of collagen solubility by lime solution, the contents of amide nitrogen and natures of collagen fibers, but in the case of adding Na2S to lime solution, the amounts of collagen solubility by lime solution were affected by the concentration of Na2S and Ca(OH)₂.

View full abstract

Excess of milking times showed a stronger influence of underfeeding to milk yield and body weight and tended to reduce the stablilities of milk on alcohol-test and on heating-test.
Significant differences between unstable milk caused by underfeeding and normal milk were not recognized in the chemical compositions of milk, contents of inorganic materials presented in casein-micelle, size distributions of caseinate particles and chromatograph on DEAE-cellulose column, but the surface of casein-micelle obtained from unstable milk was assumed to differ from normal milk from the results of chromatograph on DEAE-cellulose column and electron microscopic observation.

View full abstract

The data consisted of records of 35 purebred and crossbred matings of Korean and Hereford cattle, collected over a 2-year period, were analyzed by least square procedures to estimate the amount of heterosis from breed crosses. This procedure adjusted calf measurement data for the environmental effects of year-season of birth, sex and age of dam. The number of cows exposed to mating varied for breeds because the number of Hereford cows was not good enough for planned purebred mating.
The most important finding was about 10% advantage in calves weaned from crossbred coatings, indicating heterosis for average daily suckling gain and weaning weight. Birth weights of crossbred calves were 8.4% heavier than those of average purebred ones, although this difference was not significant.

View full abstract

Several experiments were conducted to study the effects of soybean trypsin inhibitors isolated from raw soybean meal on growth, pancreatic changes, fat absorption, metabolizable energy value and protein digestibility, and further, to determine whether these criteria were affected by added trypsin inhibitors. A crude trypsin inhibitor was prepared from raw soybean meal by modification of the method described by BOWMAN. The KUNITZ inhibitor and 1.9S inhibitor were prepared by the modification of the method described by YAMAMOTO and IKENAKA. These preparations were fed to chicks in experiments which was designed to study relative effects of feeding different trypsin inhibitors from raw soybean meal. The trypsin inhibitors were added to the control diet at levels to provide an amount of activity equivalent to a diet containing 41.3% raw soybean meal. Trypsin inhibitors depressed growth, caused pancreatic hypertrophy and decreased metabolizable energy value of the diet. The results of the experiment with KUNITZ, BOWMAN and 1.9S inhibitors suggested that they acted to cause the similar effects observed on raw soybean meal.
Pancreatic hypertrophy appears to occur in response to the trypsin inhibitor probably because of increased enzyme production to overcome the inhibitors.
The mechanism of the chick growth retardation could be explained by lowered digestibility of protein and lowered metabolizable energy value of the diet.
The possible significance of many contradictory results on the mechanism of growth inhibition by raw soybean meal was discussed in detail.

View full abstract

In order to clarify the genetic characters of native goats during four years from 1961, the six characters: coat colors, existence of horns, wattles and supernumerary teats, blood groups antigens G1 and G2 and intersexuality, of them in Tokara, Amami and Goto archipelagoes, western coast of Nagasaki Pre., Tane, Yaku and their adjacent small islands and Ryukyu Islands were investigated. Moreover, some of the goats having morphologically native types were measured on their body size. The results were summarized as follows:
1) The populations of meat goats in Goto archipelago, western coast of Nagasaki Pre. and Tane, Yaku and their adjacent small islands had a dominant white gene (I) on their coat color. The coat colors of individuals which had a pair of recessive color gene (i) were brown, black-brown, black or chocolate-color, and native goats in Takara-jima (Takara archipelago) had brown stripe color. In some of Ryukyu Islands many individuals of such colored goats existed. These native goats had the autosomal recessive gene (p) in homozygote, which controls horned character. When they were turned to hybrid, they had both a dominant hornless gene (P) and a pair of recessive intersex gene (h). Moreover, they had no a dominant gene (W) which controls the existence of wattles, and almost all had supernumerary teats which disappear in the process of hybridization.
On blood groups antigens, native goats had very high frequency of appearance of dominant genes which control G1 and G2 antigen, but the frequency of appearance became to decrease when they were turned to hybrid.
2) Body sizes in the populations of native goats in solitary islands were small and those of many individuals were intermediate between native goats and Saanen breeds, namely withers heights being 50-55 cm and body lengths 51-62cm.
3) The homogeneities of genetic characters of native goats were high in solitary islands and able to be considered as the special feature of native goats and they were low in the districts where Saanen breeds and others might be introduced by the reason of convenient communication. Generally speaking on the native goats in all districts investigated, it was considered that they maintained their special feature in solitary islands, but they had been in the process of hybridization in another districts.

View full abstract

The authors ('61) observed sperm-head-like bodies in the enlarged interstitial tissues of the P32-administered fowl testes which had been stained with Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin and light green. Since these bodies were DNA-reaction (Feulgen) positive and sometimes tail could also be observed, they were regarded as sperms. In addition, the enlarged interstitial tissues contained many germ cells at various stages. Such pictures as these were seen in specimens collected not only from P32-administered domestic fowls but also from intact control ones both by biopsy and autopsy. In later studies these pictures seemed to be charcteristic of some strains of fowls. In order to determine whether there was any relationship between the appearance of these bodies and the strain of fowls or not, fifteen independent inbred strains of fowls were examined in the present study.
The middle portion of the left testis was examined in 184 adult male fowls of fifteen independent inbred strains (from nine breeders). It was fixed in Allen-Bouin's solution, cut into 7μ paraffin sections-serial sections in some cases-and stained with Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin and light green. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1. When sperms could be found in the enlarged interstitial tissue, a few or more than ten sperms were aggregated into a mass. In the majority of them the structure of tail was not clear. In some cases, a solitary sperm was also observed in the interstitial tissue.
2. In many cases, either solitary or aggregated sperms could be seen in several portions of the same sections.
3. Interstitial sperms were observed in four of the fifteen strains, or in one New Hampshire and three White Leghorn strains. They appeared most frequently in the birds of a particular strain (the B strain of breeder E). When the density of interstitial sperms was graded by symbols, four of seven + cases and all of four ± cases belonged to this strain.
4. So far as the number of interstitial sperms is concerned, there were seven + cases, of which six were White Leghorns (of three strains) and the other was a New Hampshire, and four ± cases, which were all White Leghorns of one strain. The rate of appearance of + cases was 3.80%, that of ± cases 2.17%, and that of + Plus ± cases 5.98%. When broken in strains, the rate of appearance of + cases was 19.05 and 4.76% in the B and the C strain of breeder E, respectively, 14.29% in the A strain of breeder I, and 6.66% in the strain of breedex T, and that of ± cases 19.05%in the B strain of breeder E. The rate of appearance of + plus ± cases was 38.09 in the B strain of breeder E. These results seem to indicate that there is a relationship between interstitial sperms and the strain of fowls, although there remains a question about the rate of appearance because of incomplete determination of this rate. Probably, there is no relationship between the appearance of interstitial sperms and the breed of fowls.
5. Almost all these phenomena were observed in materials collected from all the 7-monthold fowls and two of the 1-year-old ones, but in no materials from the fowls 2 to 3 years old examined. Since the materials from the fowls 2 to 3 years old were small in number, the relationship between interstitity sperms and age of fowls could not be explained clearly from the results of the present study.
6. Fertility was more than 80% in all the strains. It can be assumed that these phenomena did not lower the fertility of the male fowl extremely, although fertility was not studied in any individual positive case. The physiological significance of these phenomena was not clear from the results of the present study.
7. The mechanism of these phenomena was discussed, but there remained many questions on these phenomena.

View full abstract