Sixteen laying hens having 86% of egg production were orally administered with radiocalcium at 10am or 4pm continuously for ten days (Period 1), and no Ca45 was administered during the following 10-day period (Period 2). Calcium and radiocalcium balance data were obtained at both periods. Radiocalcium content in each 5 artificial shell layer of egg laid at 10am was compared between the eggs produced at the last day of Period 1 and at the first day of Period 2, and changes in shell deposition of the three sources of calcium, namely the "dietary calcium", "temporary skeletal calcium" and "skeletal calcium", were discussed. On the basis of the 10-day balance data, 93% of daily calcium intake (3.07g) was absorbed and 6% in it was directly deposited on eggshell as the "dietary calcium". Seventy percent was deposited on the skeleton and 59% except the balance (11%) was removed from bone as the "temporary skeletal calcium" and "skeletal calcium". In calcium removed from bone, 48% was utilized for shell formation and 11% was excreted endogenously. Total endogenous excretion (28%) was shown as sum of that of the bone removed calcium (11%) and that derived from the absorbed calcium directly. Total excretion (35%) consisted of the unabsorbed (7%) and the endogenous calcium.
Eggshell calcium contents at Period 1 averaged 1.65g per day, and 42% of it was derived from the morning diet with equal parts of the "temporary skeletal calcium" and "skeletal calcium". The remainder (58%) of shell calcium was derived from the evening diet and 10% in it was directly deposited by the "dietary calcium" on the inner two layers of shell, and two-thirds (33%) of the remainder were derived from the "temporary skeletal calcium", and one-thirds (15%) were from the "skeletal calcium". The "dietary calcium", "temporary skeletal calcium" and "skeletal calcium" occupied 10, 54 and 36% of the shell calcium, respectively.

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The effectiveness of pasture-fed system for yearling steers, one of the methods utilizing pasture intensively and requiring less labor in feeding and caring for cattle, was examined mainly in body gains concerning the compensatory growth depending on the winter plane of nutrition.
The body gains were secured 58% more from pasture-fed (1% concentrates to body weights) than from pasture alone, and the effects of compensatory growth were recognized significantly. The supplement of concentrates increased the carrying capacity of pasture by 55% and improved the efficiency of feed conversion by nearly 10%.
The profitability of pasture-fed comparing with pasture alone was estimated rather negatively, but the technical improvements are greatly hopefull by checking the periods and methods of concentrate supplementation. Moreover it must be remembered that the effectiveness of pasture-fed system should be finally determined concerning the economical situation of each farm.

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This experiment was carried out to confirm whether fatty acid composition of phospholipids with proceeding of column chromatography varied or not.
Cow's milk phospholipids were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography and identified by infrared spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acids of fractionated phospholipids were esterified by MeOH-H₂SO₄ ester exchange method and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The results obtained were summarized as follows:
1) The fatty acid composition of cephalin fractions did not vary with proceeding of column chromatography. Composition of major fatty acids of these fractions was C₁₆ (8%), C₁₈ (11%), C^Δ1 ₁₈(46%)and ^CΔ2 ₁₈(12%).
2) There was a tendency that the lecithin containing high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was eluted faster than the lecithin containing high proportion of saturated fatty acids though all lecithin fractions gave a single identical spot on thin-layer chromatography. The lecithin fractions eluted faster contained C₁₄ (2%), C₁₆ (17%), C^Δ1 ₁₈(38%) and C^Δ2 ₁₈(12%), while those eluted slower contained C₁₄ (15%), C₁₆ (41%), C^Δ1 ₁₈ (21%) and ^CΔ2 ₁₈ (5%).
3) Two types of sphingomyelin differing in Rf were found on thin-layer chromatography. Sphingomyelin of high Rf (F-sphingomyelin) tended to be eluted faster than that of low Rf (S-sphingomyelin).
The fraction consisting of F-sphingomyelin was composed of C₁₆ (12%) and C₂₂-C₂₄ (65%) as major fatty acids, while the fraction containing S-sphingomyelin mainly was composed of C₁₆ (41%) and C₂₂-C₂₄ (35%).

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Three experiments were designed to study the effects of nitrate added to feed upon the gains and blood constituents of sheep. Forty-one Japanese Corriedale wethers, six months of age and about 25kg in body weight were used in these experiments.
In the experiment 1, sixteen wethers were divided into four uniform lots and the amounts of potassium nitrate added to feed were as follows: Lot 1; none, Lot 2; 0.04, Lot 3; 0.06 and Lot 4; 0.08 per cent of body weight per head per day. They were fed (equal feed) a restricted amount of the ration composed of 80 per cent wheat bran and 20 per cent alfalfa meal twice a day and also a constant amount of Italian ryegrass, weed and silage (1kg per head per day) which were known to contain very small amount of nitrate. All the animals were group-fed throughout the experimental period of 125 days. The levels of protein and energy of the feed were low and the estimated DCP and TDN levels of the feed were set at 95 and 60 per cent of the recommendations according to N. R. C. (1957). It was because the effects of nitrate in feed upon the performance of ruminants seemed to be severe in the underfed animals. The average daily gains of the animals during the experimental period were as follows: Lot 1; 53.6g, Lot 2; 49.6g, Lot 3; 52.8g and Lot 4; 37.6g.
In experiment 2, fifteen wethers were divided into two lots and the amounts of potassium nitrate added to feed were as follows: Lot 1; none and Lot 2; 0.06 per cent of body weight per day. Feeding method was almost equal to that in the experiment 1, except adding a small amount of rice straw (100g per head per day) to the concentrate rations. The average daily gains of the animals during the experimental period of 140 days were as follows: Lot 1; 63.8g and Lot 2; 63.4g.
In the experiment 3, ten wethers were divided into two lots and the amounts of potassium nitrate added to feed were as follows: Lot 1; none and Lot 2; 0.08 per cent of body weight per day. Feeding method and the experimental period were equal to those in the experiment 2. The average daily gains of the animals were as follows: Lot 1; 90.0g and Lot 2; 75.7g.
From the results of these three experiments, the addition of nitrate more than 0.08 per cent of body weight as potassium nitrate per head per day seemed to depress the daily gains of the under-fed wethers.
In these three experiments, it was remarked that the concentrations of total haemoglobin and methaemoglobin, and the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood of the nitrate-fed animals were fairly more than those in the blood of the control animals at the end of the experiments. It should be a compensation for deficient oxygenation from methaemoglobin formation in the blood of the nitrate-fed animals. However, the number of white blood corpuscles was not different among these animals.
It was also observed that no visible differences were found in the status of liver, kidney, pancreas and digestive tracts among these wethers slaughtered at the end of the experiments. However, splenomegaly was frequently found in the wethers ingesting potassium nitrate more than 0.06 per cent of body weight. No differences were found in the weight of thyroid and adrenal glands among the animals. Furthermore, it was remarked in these experiments that the effects of nitrate added to feed upon the gains of sheep seemed to he variable among the individual animals.

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In order to determine the feeding value in green forage, hay and silage of oats, the digestion trials of the crops sown in September and November were conducted.
The green forage was weighed out the amount required by the ration on each cutting date and kept in the refrigerator. For hay making of the crops, method of heated forced draft after wilting was used. For silage, the crops cut at flowering stage were ensiled in small silos. Sheep were experimental animals for the digestion trial.
1. In the cuttings at the different stages of growth, the DCP content of green forage decreased witn advancing maturity and the TDN content after the boot leaf stage of green forage was lower than that of the vegetative stage. Both DCP and TDN contents of hay showed the same behavior as green forage. Therefore, both DCP and TDN contents of green forage and hay were significantly different at the different stages of growth. Now, the DCP content of green forage was significantly greater than that of hay.
2. In the cutting at the flowering stage, both DCP and TDN contents of green forage were not significantly different for the cutting frequency or the sowing time, but the DCP content of hay in the third crop was significantly greater than those of the first or the second crops. Now, the DCP content of green forage was significantly greater than that of hay.
3. Both DCP and TDN contents of silage were lower than that of green forage or hay. The DCP content of green forage or hay was significantly greater than those of silages in the first and the second crop. The TDN content of green forage and hay was significantly greater than that of silage in the first crop. The feeding values among three kinds of silage were not significantly different.

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Extract of dried Ladino clover powder which was prepared with the medium of dil. HCl and aceton (20:1) at pH 1-2 was infused into the rumen through the fistula after the neutralization with NaOH and the effects on the nitrogen metabolism and the gas formation exerted by the rumen bacteria were examined.
First, this extract was given to two male and female goats which had been fed on the hay and concentrate through the fistula daily before feeding in the morning for one week. Then the next week the rumen contents were taken out before feeding and infusion of the extract in the morning, and they were filtrated through double gauze and resulting filtrate were centrifuged to remove large debris and protozoa.
Then, casein, amino acids mixture and urea were added to this rumen liquor and were incubated at 39°C for 1-3 hours. And the proteolytic activity of rumen bacteria was examined by the estimation of the amount of protein which was consumed during incubation. Then the deamination of amino acid and the urease activity of rumen bacteria were examined by the method of estimation of ammonia.
Two (W/V) percent of soluble starch was added to the rumen liquor which was put into fermentation tubes and the volume of the gas produced was estimated after the incubation at 39°C for three hours.
As the results it was ascertained that there was not difference in the value of proteolysis, deamination and urease activity between the periods of before and after the administration of the extract. But the volumes of the gas produced were always greater at the time of infusion of the extract.
The authors, therefore, concluded that the factors which were contained in the grass extract did not influence the activity of nitrogen metabolism but influenced the carbohydrate metabolism of which gas production was related.

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The proliferation and enlargement of muscle fibers were studied on embryos of White Leghorn and White Cornish×White Rock hybrid and on thiourea-treated embryos of White Leghorn. Thiourea was administered intravenously at the 10th day of incubation. The results obtained were as follows:
1. Diameter of muscle fiber did not increase during a period from the 9th to the 21st day of incubation. No significant. difference existed in fiber diameter between embryos of White Leghorn and the hybrid, whereas. thiourea-treated embryos had a significantly smaller diameter than normal embryos.
2. Number of muscle. fiber. in both White Leghom and the hybrid increased continuously during.a period from the 11th to the 15th day of incubation, but the increase hardly occurred aftet the 17th day. No significant difference existed in fiber number between. embryos of White Leghorn and the hybrid. The administration of thiourea probably had no effect on the proliferation of muscle fiber.
3. Body weight and muscle weight of embryos of the hybrid were a little larger than those of Whit Leghorn during the latter half of incubation period, but this difference decreased by hatching time. The. administration of thiourea had an inhibitory effect on the growth of embryos.

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