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Volume 42, Issue 11
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Shigeharu YOSHIDA1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 537-543
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Kazuo ISHIDA, Seiji KUSUHARA, Motoji YAMAGUCHI1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 544-550
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis investigation deals with the histochemical demonstration of lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes in preen glands of swans, ducks and cocks.
The following staining methods were used in this work: hematoxylin-eosin, and azan stains for general histology; sudan III, nile blue sulfate, Smith-Dietrich, Schultz, and Okamoto stains for lipids; PAS, and toluidine blue stains for polysaccharides; Feulgen, and pyroninmethyl green stains for nucleic acids; acrolein-Schiff stain for proteins; Nachlas method for succinic dehydrogenase; Burstone method for phosphatases; and Burstone method for esterases.
The preen glands of swans, ducks and cocks contained a large amount of lipoids, and a small amount of neutral fats. Cholesterols and fatty acids were not demonstrated. With ducks, PAS-positive polysaccharides were found in the basal cells of preen glands, but not in those of swans and cocks. Neither glycogen nor acid polysaccharides were observed in any of their preen glands, while there were a large amount of acrolein-Schiff-positive proteins in all of their basal cells. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was low in their preen glands, but acid phosphatase activity was high, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity did not appear. Nonspecific esterase was demonstrated only in the glands of swans, while not in other birds. As for the sebum of preen glands, it seemed mainly composed of lipid-protein complex, and the proteins showed some differences in stainability between cocks and other birds: namely, stained by azan method, cocks' sebum was stained red with azocarmine, while swans' and ducks' blue with aniline blue. The PAS reaction was more intense in cocks' sebum than in the other birds'. Enzyme activities proved negative in the sebum, except for the cocks' that showed an intense acid phosphatase activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1179K) -
Yoshiyuki OTAKE, Takayuki NAKAZATO, Takeshi SANADA, Tadao ARAI, Jiro N ...1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 551-558
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was conducted to study the effects of brown rice in diet on the properties of porcine fat. Landrace pigs were fed the diets supplemented with brown rice at different levels of restricted feeding. The fat samples used for analysis were obtained from kidney adipose tissues by rendering, and the fatty acid composition of fats were determined by gasliquid chromatography. Then, the fatty acid distributions in pork fat triglycerides were studied by means of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and component triglycerides were calculated according to 1, 3-random-2-random distribution theory.
As the results obtained from the experiments of feeding and carcass, there was no significant difference among experimental lots, and it was considered that brown rice had about same feed value as compared with corn or barley.
The concentrations of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolenic acid in diet lipid increased and the concentrations of linoleic and total unsaturated fatty acid decreased as the supplement level of brown rice in diets increased.
As the level of supplementation of brown rice in experimental diets increased, the concentration of linoleic acid decreased and the concentrations of palmitoleic and linolenic acid increased in the kidney leaf fats of pigs fed those diets.
Distinct variation in fatty acid composition of 2-monoglyderides derived from pork fat triglycerides by means of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis was not found depending upon the difference of diets. But, in the composition of fatty acids located on 1- and 3-position of pork fat triglycerides, concentration of linoleic acid decreased and that of linolenic and oleic acid tended to increased as the supplementation of brown rice in diets increased. So, it was considered that the influence of diet on the fatty acid distribution in pork fat triglycerides were more distinctly appeared on the acyl groups at the 1- and 3-position of triglyceride than at the 2-position.
The compositions of triglycerides estimated on pig kidney leaf fats were as follows 12.93% SSS, 38.79% SSU, 2.74% SUS, 8.51% SUU, 30.88% USU, and 12.93% UUU. And, the compositions of these triglycerides were not significantly different among experimental lots, however, it was observed that there were significantly more 1-stearo-2-palmito-3-olein and 1-stearo-2-myristo-3-olein in the fat of pigs fed highly brown rice supplemented diets as compared to that of pigs fed control diet, and that 1, 2-dipalmito-3-linolein or 2-palmito-1, 3-dilinolein content in pig fats decreased as the supplement level of brown rice in diets increased.View full abstractDownload PDF (518K) -
Yoshiaki OBARA, Susumu WATANABE, Yoshiki SATOH, Yasuyuki SASAKI, Tsune ...1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 559-565
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRuminant secretes a large volume of well buffered alkaline saliva, which is the important factor to proceed the rumen fermentation favourably and to maintain the rumen function in a steady state. In order to investigate experimentally these facts, the experiments were designed to investigate the effects of the removal of unilateral parotid saliva on rumen fermentation, properties of saliva and blood and urine constituents in sheep. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The removal of unilateral parotid saliva was via fistula resulted in a temporary decrease of feed and water intake.
2. The flow rate of unilateral parotid saliva was decreased by the removal. The sodium concentration in the saliva decreased and reversely the pottasium concentration increased, namely, Na/K ratio fell from 30 to 0.3-0.5. The concentration of bicarbonate decreased as much as that of chloride. The phosphate concentration in the saliva increased with a rise in the pottasium concentration.
3. The Na/K ratio in the rumen content was decreased from control value of 3-4 to 0.3-0.5 by the saliva-removal. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) level in the rumen content increased and ruminal pH decreased. Thereafter VFA and pH level in the rumen content recovered to the control level. The NH3 concentration was maintained at constant value, whereas that of lactic acid showed a tendency to increase.
4. With regard to urinal properties, the decrease in the volume, the temporary decrease of the pH, the remarkable fall of sodium excretion and the reduction of either potassium or chloride excretion were observed during the treatment.
5. The marked increase of packed cell volume and the temporary increase of serum protein were observed. Serum sodium concentration showed a tendency to decline and the pottasium and the chloride concentration showed no change. The bicarbonate concentration decreased temporarily, but recovered thereafter.
6. All these changes mentioned above recovered to the normal level by the feeding of sodium bicarbonate.
7. The roles of saliva to the rumen fermentation and to the physiological function of the sheep were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (521K) -
III. Isolation of ceramide from cheeseToshio FUJISHIMA, Seisuke ITO, Yasuhiko FUJINO1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 566-569
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPresence of ceramide (N-acyl derivative of sphingosine base) was rocognized in blue cheese. Ceramide was purely isolated from the blue cheese lipid by silicic acid column chromatography, hydrolysed and examined for composition of the fatty acids and the long chain bases by gas-liquid chromatography. The cheese ceramide was observed to contain fifteen kinds of fatty acid, among which tricosanoic, behenic, lignoceric and palmitic acid were dominating. As the component long chain bases were detected seven kinds, among which C16-sphingosine and C18-sphingosine were in the majority.View full abstractDownload PDF (195K) -
Hiroshi HAMADA, Tsunekichi KOISHIKAWA, Tokuzo ISHII, Ryozaburo IRIE, E ...1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 570-576
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) To furnish technological basis for the design of equipments for level land transportation of raw milk, experiments were conducted by using water instead of raw milk and polyethylene pipeline with inside diameter of 0.029m. And, a theoretical analysis was conducted upon basis of that, at a time point when the water-flow came to an optional position of the pipeline the following equation is attainable;
From above equation a theoretical formula was derived by approximate calculation as below.
2) The actually observed values of t well agreed with the values calculated from formula (5) when 0.03 was substituted for λ.
3) In case of raw milk transportation by means of polyethylene pipeline with inside diameter of 0.029m, the equipments could be designed upon basis of calculation by the same formula except for substituting 0.035 for λ.View full abstractDownload PDF (264K) -
III. Effect of season, age and sex on plasma adrenocorticoids level of cattle, sheep and ratsYoshiyuki SASAKI, Taiji DOGO, Ryoji KAWASHIMA, Shoji UESAKA1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 577-581
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the influence of season, sex and age on plasma 11-OHCS levels, blood samples of cattle, sheep and rats collected during early summer or late winter were analyzed. The animals used, consisted of both sexes of various ages in each species. The results obtained are as follows;
1) Plasma 11-OHCS levels of cattle and sheep were lower than those of rats regardless of seasons and sexes.
2) Plasma 11-OHCS levels of the female were higher than those of the male in cattle and rats, while sexual difference was obscure in sheep.
3) In calves seven to twelve months of age, plasma 11-OHCS levels were high in winter and low in summer. Similar seasonal effect was observed in rats, but not in sheep.
4) Influence of age on plasma 11-OHCS levels was appreciable in sheep and rats.View full abstractDownload PDF (254K) -
I. The breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen of goatsKeiichi TANAKA, Hideo HAYASHI1971 Volume 42 Issue 11 Pages 582-592
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The proportion and the fatty acid composition of individual lipid fraction of the rumen contents of goats were determined at various times after they had been given intraruminal infusions of emulsion of safflower oil, linoleic, acid, linseed oil or linseed oil fatty acid.
2. Hydrolysis of triglycerides occurred very rapidly in the rumen and unesterified fatty acids increased correspondingly. Furthermore, hydrolysis of safflower oil in the rumen resulted in the formation of mono-and di-glycerides as intermediates. There was no marked change in the percentages of cholesterol, cholesterol esters and phospholipids throughout the experiment.
3. 18:2 derived from safflower oil was hydrogenated to 18:0 and the accumulation of 18:1 was small compared with the infusion of linoleic acid. When linoleic acid was infused into the rumen, 18:2 was hydrogenated to 18:1 and it markedly accumulated until 9 hours. But thereafter 18:1 was hydrogenated to 18:0.
4. 18:3 derived from linseed oil was hydrogenated to 18:0. When linseed oil fatty acid (linolenic acid) was infused into the rumen, 18:1 accumulated until 13 hours. But thereafter 18:1 was hydrogenated to 18:0.
5. The proportion of 18:2 in the triglyceride and mono-and di-glycerides fractions of the rumen contents remained at high level until 9 hours after the infusion of safflower oil.
6. Throughout the experiment, the proportion of the fatty acids of the phospholipid fraction of the rumen contents were not altered appreciably by the infusion of safflower oil.View full abstractDownload PDF (660K)
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