All issues
Volume 43, Issue 3
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Tetsuro KOMIYAMA1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 109-115
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (650K) -
VI. Thermal conductivity of hides and leathersTomoyoshi KUBO1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 116-121
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is generally accepted that the thermal conductivity of hides and leathers is one of the important factors in determining whether or not they are subject to the influence of heat.
The methods for the determination of thermal conductivity are classified into two groups, i. e. the constant heat flowing method and the inconstant heat flowing method whose main point is that a determining unit of the thermal conductivity based on the hot-wire system is used.
The latter method was applied for the study. And four factors were investigated which may give effects on the thermal conductivity of leathers, of the types of tannage (chrome, zirconium, vegetable and vegetable-chrome), the amounts of tanning agents, fatliquoring agents and the water contained.
1. The thermal conductivity of untanned hides was determined under the condition of high and low water content, resulting in 0.430Kcal/m. hr. °C (28.73% water content)and 0.270 Kcal/m. hr. °C (3.84% water content), respectively.
These thermal conductivities decreased due to tanning treatment, and thier values varied with the types of tanning agents. Furthermore, it was ensured that in the above examination the thermal conductivity showed the tendency to raise the value with the increase of the amount of tanning agents, fatliquoring agents or water.
2. The effect on the thermal conductivity of each factor was found by using the orthogonal array (L32 type).
The results obtained are as follows. Factors Variance Ratio Contribution Rate Main Effects: Type of tanning agents (A) 35.10** 18.4% Amount of tanning agent (B) 38.18** 7.0% Fatliquoring (C) 18.34** 3.1% Water content (D) 251.78** 45.1% interactions: A×B 13.92** 7.0% A×D 7.30* 3.4% B×D 6.07* 0.9% A×B×D 13.47** 6.7% A×C×D 5.45* 2.4% * Significant at 5% level, ** Significant at 1% level.View full abstractDownload PDF (419K) -
VII. Structural speciality and thermal conductivity of hides and leathersTomoyoshi KUBO, Shigeo NAKAGAWA1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 122-128
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn previous paper by the author, the thermal conductivities of hides and leathers were described.
In this report, the examination was made to check whether or not there is close connection between the porosity and the thermal conductivity of hides and leathers (chrome, zirconium, vegetable and vegetable-chrome leathers). The results obtained are as follows.
1. Air filled space, i. e. pore volume, was calculated on the basis of the figure obtained by determining the apparent density and the specific gravity of hides or leathers. Chrome leather possesses comparatively large pore volume, but it decreases with the increase of the amount of tanning agents. When tanned with zirconium or vegetable tannin it become much smaller. This means that the pore volume of vegetable and zirconium leathers became small, because the physical precipitation of vegetable tannin or zirconium on the collagen fibers as well as the chemical bonding between tanning agents and collagen occurred simultaneously.
2. The thermal conductivity of hides and leathers had a correlation with the air permeability, the apparent density and the pore volume, and it was especially increased with the decrease of the pore volume. The correlation between the thermal conductivity and the specific gravity, however, could not be found out. Accordingly, it has been established that the thermal conductivity of leathers was governed not by the property of collagen fiber itself, but bythe histological and three dimensional structures of the leather produced by tanning treat-ments or the water remained.View full abstractDownload PDF (472K) -
III. Changes of cystine and cysteine content of wool in the process of killingYukichi SAKIMOTO, Keiji KONDO1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 129-133
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the purpose to make clear chemical, physical and structural changes of wool fiber in killing process known as a pretreatment for dyeing beaver lamb, in this paper, as the first step, the effects of killing process on cystine and cysteine contents of wool were investigated.
Ammonia, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide were used as killing agents and temperature, concentration and time of treatment were also varied in the experiment. The length of float was 1: 25. After killing, 200mg of wool was hydrolyzed with 30% sulphuric acid, then cystine and cysteine contents of the wool were determined colorimetrically by reacting with Folin reagent.
The results obtained were as follows.
1. The digestion of wool cystine in the killing was high during the first thirty minutes of treatment, especially in the case with ammonia and sodium carbonate more than fifty per cent of wool cystine were digested.
2. In the killing with ammonia and sodium carbonate, the effect of temperature on the digestion of wool cystine was more remarkable than that of increasing concentration. In the killing with sodium hydroxide, temperature also influenced cystine digestion greatly, but effect of concentration was greater than in the killing with ammonia and sodium carbonate.
3. In the killing with ammonia and sodium carbonate, the amount of cystine digested at 20°C and 40°C was extremely low at higher concentration than about 0.5N, but the amount of of cystine digested at 60°C increased linearly with the increase of concentration.
4. The feature of cystine digestion in the killing with sodium hydroxide was different from that in the cases with ammonia and sodium carbonate, and the amounts of cystine digested at 20°C increased proportionally with concentration.
5.The amount of cystine digested at 40°C in the killing with ammonia was the same as the amount at 20°C in the killing with sodium carbonate. The amount of cystine digested at 40°C with sodium carbonate was also the same as the amount at 20°C with sodium hydroxide.
6. As to cysteine contents of wool, the contents became lower than those of untreated wool when the killing was done at 40°C and 60°C with sodium hydroxide. All other treated wool in this experiment showed higher contents of cysteine than those of untreated wool.View full abstractDownload PDF (360K) -
IV. Effects of the irradiation on pregnant mouse and the prenatal irradiation on postnatal developmentRyoichi TANAKA, Takao KASHIWABARA1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 134-140
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe experiment reported in this paper was designed to study action of pile irradiation on pregnant mouse and the prenatal irradiation on postnatal growth. Ds mice were used for the following experiments. The pregnant mice that had various fetal stages were put in the cage and a single total body exposure was employed for one hour in the No. 7 hole of JRR-1 (40KW). The design of irradiation was presented in Table 1. The period of irradiation in Table 1 was classified by stage of fetal developement at exposure following Russell's classification.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The earliest period of pregnancy was seemed to be most sensitive for the JRR-1 irradiation, the rate of newborn per exposed pregnant mice was about 43.9 percent at the preimplantation period irradiation (Pre.) but 53.6 and 81.3 percent at the major organogenesis period irradiation (M. Org.) and the fetal period irradiation (Fet.), respectively. The rate of control was 100 percent.
2. The average litter size showed no change. It was considered that effect of the JRR-1 irradiation on fetus did not bring the death of individual but the damage of whole litter.
3. There was more stillbirth in the exposed group than that in the control, but no significance between these groups reciprocally.
4. The sex ratio at birth in the offspring of exposed pregnant mice indicated no variation.
5. The rate of postnatal death (from birth to 20th day) per newborn was 39.1, 31.0, 23.7 and 4.9 percent on the Pre., M. Org., Fet. and control, respectively. The exposed group showed a higher rate of postnatal death per ncwborn than that of the control, but there was no difference between these groups reciprocally.
6. With respect to the days to reach 10g and 20g of body weight after birth, the Pre. indicated same growth as the control and the other exposed groups showed later growth than the Pre. and the control. It can be considered that the offsprings of the Pre. were more vital than the other groups. Because, in the Pre. low vital fetuses were killed by JRR-1 irradiation but in the other groups that fetuses were not killed by irradiation.
7. Both microphtalmia and dwarfism were observed unexpectedly in the offsprings of the Fet.View full abstractDownload PDF (551K) -
I. Digestion of cell wall carbohydrates by cellulaseAkira ABE, Satoshi HORII, Ken-ichi KAMEOKA1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 141-145
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is the purpose of this investigation to establish the technical system of predicting digestibility of various hays in the laboratory scale. As the introduction servey for this purpose, the digestion trials of the cell wall carbohydrates by cellulase were carried out.
Cellulase used in this experiments was Cellulase Onozuka P 1, 500 and substrates were isolated cell wall materials from several grass hays by neutral detergent solution. Cellulase solution was prepared in acetate baffer solution. 300mg of isolated cell wall materials took place in the presence of 45ml of cellulase solution in 50ml polyethylene tube placed in a shaking apparatus at 40°C.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The optimum pH of the digestion was around 4.0 to 5.0.
2. In the region of inaccessibility of the cell wall carbohydrates, the reaction may be written as follow. x=ctn(x: rate of digestion %, t: reaction time hr., c, n: constant)
3. High correlation was observed between in vivo cell wall digestibility and that of cellulase hydrolysis in the case of 4, 8, 12 hour incubation (r=0.997, 0.999, 0.997p<0.01, respectively)View full abstractDownload PDF (346K) -
II. Influence of pretreatment of samples on cellulase hydrolysisAkira ABE, Satoshi HORII, Ken-ichi KAMEOKA1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 146-154
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFive samples of two varieties of italian ryegrass (late and early cut, A and B), timothy, rice straw and alfalfa hay cube and cell wall materials isolated from these samples by neutral detergent solution were used. 0.5g samples were placed in 500 ml tall beaker and 100ml of 5% Na2SO3 solution or water were added and boiled on heater for 30 or 60 minutes (First Step). The residue was suspended with 0.2% cellulase solution in 50ml polyethylene tube placed in a shaking apparatus at 40°C for 2 to 8 hours (Second Step). We analysed the influence of pretreatment of first step in connection with in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) and kinetics of second reaction. From the results of these experiments, we considered as follows:
1. Thirty minutes were enough as boiling time in the pretreatment with both water and 5% Na2SO3.
2. In the case of hot water pretreatment, Two Step DMD (First Step DMD%+Second Step DMD%) were never as much as in vivo DMD% and between the two, the following correlation was observed at 6-hr cellulase hydrolysis, r=0.959 P<0.05.
3. In the case of 5% Na2SO3 pretreatment, the measured DMD% of three samples such as rice straw, timothy and Italian ryegrass A almost agreed with in vivo DMD% for 2 to 6-hr hydrolysis time and as another samples, by controlling cellulase concentration and/or hydrolysis time, it may be possible to estimate the in vivo DMD%.
4. In both treatment, cellulase hydrolysis was expressed as x=ctn (x: rate of digestion %, t: hydrolysis time hr., c, n: constant). In regard to the values of c and n, 5% Na2SO3 pretreatment were higher than hot water pretreatment.
5. After pretreatment with 5% Na2SO3, cellulase hydrolysis could be expressed by first order reaction as follow: C=Coe-kt (C: residual reactive DM%, Co: whole reactive DM %, R: rate constant, t: hydrolysis time hr).
6. By 5% Na2SO3 pretreatment, lignin and silica were dissolved out partially in the case of grasses, as a result, increase in rate of reaction was observed in the following cellulase hydrolysis. But in the case of alfalfa hay cube, there was not observed such a phenomenon by pretreatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (542K) -
V. The roles of mould and lactic starter on the ripening of Camembert cheeseToshihiko KIKUCHI, Shin-ichi TAKAFUJI1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 155-160
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. For the purpose of the examination of the roles of mould and lactic starter on Camembert cheese ripening, three kinds of experimental cheese, i. e., C-cheese…as a control, Lcheese…no mould inoculation and M-cheese…no lactic starter inoculatlon, were produced and the distribution of nitrogen compounds was determined.
2. Each type of nitrogen compounds was found more in C-cheese than in others. Comparing M-cheese with L-cheese, 12% T. C. A. soluble nitrogen (NPN)and tyrosine contents in M-cheese were less than in L-cheese, but pH 4.4 acid soluble nitrogen (AN) content in M-cheese was more.
3. Lactic starter, wild lactic acid bacteria and rennin did hardly decompose casein singly. In medium inoculated with mould, especially on the combination of mould and lactic starter, casein decomposition was accelerated and the amount of low molecular nitrogen compounds increased.
4. Considering Camembert cheese ripening from the point of view of proteolytic process, casein of cheese was decomposed to AN by mould enzymes. Consequently, growth and enzymatic activity of lactic acid bacteria were accelerated and then low molecular nitrogen compounds were produced.
It was recognized that lactic acid bacteria of the starter play the important roles in proteinbreak-down on soft cheese ripening as Camembert cheese.View full abstractDownload PDF (409K) -
III. On the M. masseterAtsushi SUZUKI1972 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 161-166
Published: March 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe muscle fibers of the M. masseter in the sheep were classified histochemically in serial cryostat sections. The sections were used to demonstrate glycogen, lipid, succinic dehydrogenase, NADH-diaphorase, two types of ATPase, and phosphorylase.
The M. masseter was almost homogeneous in the enzyme activities. The muscle fibers hadthe strikingly high activity of succinic dehydrogenase and NADH-diaphorase, moderate activity of ATPase at pH9.4, and moderate to high activity of mitochondrial ATPase. Phosphorylase activity and glycogen content were markedly poor in most of the fibers. No triglyceride droplets were found within the fibers. From the histochemical characteristics, thefibers were classified as a new type, type E fiber. The type E fiber presumed to fall underthe category of the red fiber together with the type A, C and D fibers, whereas the type Bfibers represented the white fiber.View full abstractDownload PDF (985K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|