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Volume 46, Issue 5
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Koichi SHIMBAYASHI, Yoshiaki OBARA, Toshio YONEMURA1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 243-250
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn experiment was conducted to study the utilization of urea added into the culture media during rumen fermentation in vitro. The culture media contained 20ml of artificial saliva of MCDOUGALL, 300mg of powdered hay, 480mg of experimental formula feed, and 14.4mg and 24.0 mg of 15N-labelled urea in U3 and U5 experiments, respectively. Urea was decomposed rapidly within 3 hours, and after that the urea concentration remained at about 4mg/dl. The amount of ammonia produced changed with the lapse of time in reverse proportion to the decomposition of urea. It was observed that the amount of bacterial nitrogen increased slightly and the pattern of the change with the lapse of time was different in both experiments slightly. Protein percentages of dry matter of 2, 000rpm-precipitate fraction containing protozoa increased gradually until 24 hours after beginning of incubation. 15N in urea was incorporated into NH3-N, bacteria-N, and 2, 000rpm-precipitate fraction-N with time course changes. The degree of incorporation was more intensely in U5 experiment than in U3 experiment. The highest 15N concentration in the bacterial fraction appeared after 6 and 12 hours after the beginning of incubation in the case of U3 and U5, respectively. The time course changes in 15N concentration in the 2, 000rpm-precipitate fraction were in parallel with that in the bacterial fraction except for 24 hours. The changes in concentration of free amino acids in the medium were observed in lysine, aspartic acid, and alanine remarkably. The concentration of total free amino acids changed with the lapse of time. The total concentration in the case of U3 experiment decreased gradually until 6 hours, and then increased until 24 hours. On the other hand, the total concentration in the case of U5 decreased continuously except for the slight increase at 6 hours. Each amino acid was isolated from the hydrolyzate of the 2, 000 rpm-precipitate fraction by column chromatography. Each 15N concentration was determined for isolated amino acids. Consequently, 15N concentrations were relatively high in glysine, alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. On the contrary, 15N concentrations were very low in methionine and cystine. It is suggested from the results that urea nitrogen would not be utilized for the synthesis of amino acids by the ruminal microorganisms in the same proportion.View full abstractDownload PDF (558K) -
Hitoshi SEKIZAKI, Tsutomu KONNO, Tatsuo KATSUKI1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 251-256
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a feeding test of fats on laying hens, it has been indicated in many cases that the egg yolk fatty acid composition is considerably influenced by dietary fats. The authors have previously performed three kinds of fat feeding tests on laying hens. The present experiments were designed to accumulate the essential fatty acid in egg yolk by dietary oils. We were carried out a feeding test by the inclusion of Safflower oil, linseed oil, a mixed oil containing Safflower oil and linseed oil in the diet of the hen. Analysis was made on the content of essential fatty acid, the degree of unsaturation of egg yolk lipids, the content of cholesterol in egg yolk and that in the blood plasma. The following conclusions were drawn. 1) The egg yolk lipids from hens fed a diet containing Safflower oil contained more linoleic acid and arachidonic acid than the egg yolkk lipids from hens fed the basal ration. 2) The egg yolk lipids from hens fed a diet containing linseed oil contained more linolenic acid than the egg yolk lipids from hens fed the basal ration. 3) The egg yolk lipids from hens fed a diet containing Safflower oil and linseed oil mixed oil contained more linoleic acid and linolenic acid than the egg yolk lipids from hens fed the basal ration. Furthermore, it was found that arachidonic acid presented an increase in the mixed oil group, as well as in the Safflower oil group. 4) When oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acids was added to a diet, the cholesterol concentration in the blood plasma markedly decreased and the egg yolk cholesterol contents were increased.View full abstractDownload PDF (395K) -
Yoshiaki TERASHIMA, Hiroshi ITOH1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 257-262
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been known that ruminants mainly fed the concentrates are apt to get the result in nutritional disorders generally. One of them, urinary calculi have been often observed in fattening cattle and these are caused by the disorders in mineral metabolism in many cases. In spite of a very important problem in fattening cattle feeding, the mechanism of calculi formation in ruminants fed the high concentrate ration is not known in detail. The present experiment was conducted to obtain further in formation on mineral metabolism in sheep fed either roughage or concentrate ration. The roughage ration used consists of 90% orchard grass hay and 10% the basal concentrate diet supplemented with sodium biphosphate. The concentrate ration consists of the basal concentrate diet (milo, wheat bran, defatted rice bran, soybean oil meal and salt) and is supplemented with calcium carbonate and magnesium acetate. It was expected that both rations, supply approximately the same amount of each mineral. The blood acid-base status, urinary volumes and pH, and urinary and fecal excretion of Ca, P and Mg were determined. No differences. of the blood pH and parameters of blood acid-base status were found between sheep fed concentrate and roughage rations. The water intake and urinary volume and pH of sheep fed the concentrate were lower than those of sheep fed roughage. The urinary mineral content of sheep fed. the concentrate was significantly higher than that of sheep fed the roughage. The urinary excretion rate of Mg was higher than that of Ca and P, and this rate was increased by the concentrate feeding. It is considered that these results are mainly caused by the differences of the general characteristics between concentrate and roughage as feed for ruminants. The fecal excretion of minerals in sheep fed the concentrate is lower than that of sheep fed the roughage, suggesting the fact that minerals in the concentrate ration used are more easily absorbed from the digestive tract than those in the roughage.View full abstractDownload PDF (443K) -
Yoshiaki TERASHIMA, Ichiroh SHINOZAKI, Nobuhito TOHRAI, Hiroshi ITOH1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 263-268
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of characteristics of feeds on the mineral (Ca, P and Mg) metabolism in sheep. Serum mineral levels, enzyme activities and urinary and fecal mineral excretion were compared in sheep fed the roughage only (orchard grass hay) and the high concentrate ration (3 parts of corn-soybean diet and one of orchard grass hay). Mineral intake of sheep fed the concentrate ration was equalized with the supplement of calcium carbonate and magnesium acetate to that of sheep fed the roughage. The blood pH and parameters of blood acidbase status were not affected by the rations used. Serum calcium levels of sheep fed the high concentrate ration tend to be lower than that of sheep fed the roughage only, but urinary excretion rate was very low and not affected by the rations. Serum inorganic phosphorus level of sheep fed the high concentrate ration was considerably higher than that of sheep fed the roughage only and urinary excretion rate was increased by the high concentrate ration. Serum magnesium level was little affected by rations. Urinary excretion rate of magnesium was extremely high compared with that of calcium and phosphorus and was much increased by the high concentrate ration. Fecal mineral excretion rate in sheep fed the high concentrate ration was apt to be lower than that of the roughage only. These results suggest that mineral absorption from digestive tract and urinary excretion of phosphorus and magnesium are increased by the feeding of high concentrate ration. Serum activities of ALP and LDH in sheep fed the high concentrate ration tend to be higher than that of the roughage only and it suggests that phosphorus metabolism and functions of digestive tract are affected by the feeding of high concentrate ration.View full abstractDownload PDF (461K) -
Yoshiro YAMAMOTO, Fumiyasu TUCHIYA, Akie YONEKUBO, Mayumi MIZUSAWA1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 269-276
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fatty acid compositions in the β-position of triglyceride of 144 composite cow's milk sampies which were selected as the typical ones of the six regions from the 526 samples shown in the previous report were determined, and the seasonal and regional variations of fatty acid compositions and of the proportions of each fatty acid in the β-position were studied. C16:0 was the largest component. The mean contents of C16:0, C18:1 and C14:0 were 32.4%, 20.9% and 15.5% respectively. C4:0 and C6:0 were negligible. The contents of C14:0 and C16:0 were high in winter. On the other hand those of C18 fatty acids were high in summer. The seasonal variations were remarkable in Hokkaido (A) where cows were pastured in summer and fed on hay or silage in winter by housing. The maximum and minimum contents of C16:0 in (A) were 42.6% and 27.5% respectively. Those of C18:0 and C18:1 were 8.4%, 25.1%(max.) and 4.7%, 13.4% (min.) respectively. The mean contents of C18 fatty acids were higher in West-Japan II (D), the suburban regions of large city (E) and the special stock farms in Tokyo and Osaka (F) than in (A), East-Japan (B) and West-Japan I (C), and especially very high in the special stock farms in Tokyo where the cows were mainly fed on concentrates, especially by-product feeds. Concerning the proportions of each fatty acid in the p-position, the main values of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 were 38.5%, 48.6%, 56.1%, 42.8%, 42.0%, 23.2%, 27.3% and 41.9% respectively. The seasonal variations of these proportions were remarkable in (A). The main values of C10;0, C12:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 were high in summer and those of C16:0 were high in winter. In the regions (D), (E) and (F) the proportions of C10:0 and each C18 fatty acid in the β-position were higher than those in other regions. The seasonal and regional variations of the proportions described above could be caused by the existence of β-monoglycerides pathway in the triglyceride synthesis in mammary gland.View full abstractDownload PDF (561K) -
Seiji KUSUHARA1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 277-282
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHistochemical demonstrations of alkaline and acid phosphatases and of succinate and lactate dehydrogenases in osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes of medullary and cortical bones from the femurs of White Leghorn laying hens were carried out with reference to the situation of an egg in their oviducts. At stage I when an egg is situated in the magnum or isthmus, osteoclasts of the medullary bone showed moderate acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, and a strong lactate dehydrogenase activity. Osteoblasts had a strong alkaline phosphatase activity and moderate succinate and lactate dehydrogenases activities. Osteocytes exhibited weak activities of succinate and lactate dehydrogenases. Osteoclasts of the cortical bone showed strong acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, and a moderate lactate dehydrogenase activity. Osteoblasts exhibited weak alkaline phosphatase, succinate and lactate dehydrogenases activities. Osteocytes had a moderate acid phosphatase activity and a weak lactate dehydrogenase activity. At stage II when an egg is situated in the uterus or vagina, and at stage III which means immediately after laying, osteoclasts of the medullary bone showed strong acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, and a moderate lactate dehydrogenase activity. Osteoblasts exhibited weak activities of alkaline phosphatase, succinate and lactate dehydrogenases. Osteocytes had weak activities of acid phosphatase, succinate and lactate dehydrogenases. Osteoclasts of the cortical bone showed moderate acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, and a strong lactate dehydrogenase activity. Osteoblasts had weak activities of alkaline phosphatase, succinate and lactate dehydrogenases. Osteocytes exhibited weak acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. These findings indicate that at stage I, osteoblastic formation of medullary bones is more active than osteoclastic and osteocytic resorption, whereas a reversed situation is observed at stages II and III. It is clear that resorption of cortical bones occurs at stage I, and their formation is inert during the egg-laying cycle.View full abstractDownload PDF (1103K) -
Tsutomu FUJIHARA1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 283-289
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGoats were fed a liquid diet for 12 months or more, and the following results were obtained. 1. The goats possibly grow at almost the same rate as the normal goats, but there are some factors to restrict the feed consumption in the liquid feeding. 2. It is apparent that the abomasum is larger than that of the weaning type. The body-weight ratio of the abomasum was 0.5-0.7, and this figure is very comparable with that of the suckling type. 3. When the caudo-ventral sac of the rumen was removed at the early stage of the life, the reticulum and the dorsal sac of the rumen were enlarged compensationally. 4. The concentration of post-prandial blood glucose was 70-80mg/100ml, and this value is almost the same as that of mono-gastric animals. 5. The ruminal and blood concentrations of VFAs were very low, and this suggests that the ruminal fermentation is scant in the liquid-fed goats.View full abstractDownload PDF (805K) -
Yoichi KOJIMA, Akinori KOMATSU1975 Volume 46 Issue 5 Pages 290-296
Published: May 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo wethers fitted with ruminal and abomasal fistulas were used to evaluate the relationship between rumen fermentation and the amounts of starch escaping into the abomasum at different levels of raw and cooked barley intake. Ruminal digesta was collected three hours after feeding for three days and abomasal digesta at intervals of two hours after feeding for three days. The average percentage of the dietary starch escaping into the abomasum measured by the lignin ratio technique was 1.5-4.2% in the raw barley diet(crushed barley: alfalfa hay cube=50:50), 1.5-5.5% in the cooked barley diet (50:50)and 1.9-5.8% in the raw barley diet (80:20), respectively. There we re remarkable differences in the values between two animals when the cooked barley diet (80:20) was fed; being 3.2-14.5% in the sheep No. 1 and 1.4-4.3% in the sheep No. 2. Total VFA concentration and acetate to propionate ratio were lower in the sheep fed the cooked barley diet, especially in the sheep No. 1 fed the cooked barley diet (80:20), than in the sheep fed the raw barley diet.View full abstractDownload PDF (430K)
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