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Volume 47, Issue 12
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Sadaki YAMAMOTO1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 687-697
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (943K) -
Soichi TSUJI, Toyokazu FUKUSHIMA1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 698-703
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of dietary protein levels and fasting and those of subcutaneous administration of some hormones (estradiol, thyroxine, hydrocortisone, testosterone) on the activity of two enzymes involved in urea biosynthesis, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) and arginase, were studied using normal and OTC variant chicks. In both of the chicks, the activity of renal arginase showed significant increases with high protein diet feeding, arginine supplemented diet feeding or starvation, whereas, neither the hepatic arginase nor renal OTC showed such adaptive changes. Hydrocortisone administration also produced significant and marked increases in the activity of renal arginase, but neither hepatic arginase nor renal OTC showed such increases by any of the hormones treated. In contrast to the marked increase in the activity of renal arginase by the administration of hydrocortisone, the high protein diet feeding, or starvation, no obvious changes in the activity of renal OTC and hepatic arginase were observed with these treatments. The lack of simultaneously concerted responce of ornithine urea cycle enzymes in the chicken might suggest that these enzymes are controlled by the gene different from those in mammals. Estradiol-17β or testosterone administration had no effects on the activity of OTC in normal and variant chicks.View full abstractDownload PDF (385K) -
Kunio YAMAUCHI, Fuji TSUKASAKI, Shuichi KAMINOGAWA1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 704-710
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of the storage (10, 30 and 60 days at 40C) of sweetened condensed skim milk on the properties of its casein complex was investigated by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The casein complex was separated by high speed centrifugation from the sweetened condensed skim milk after 3 times dilution with water. After washing with water once the casein complex was freeze-dried and used for the experiments. When the casein complex was gel filtered in 6.6M urea aqueous solution, two peaks appeared and the fast-eluting peak increased with the progress of storage. When the gel filtration was performed in the urea solution containing 0.01M mercaptoethanol, two peaks also appeared but the fast-eluting peak became much smaller compared with the case of gel filtration in the absence of mercaptoethanol. However, the considerable amount of the high molecular weight fraction (fast-eluting peak) was detected in the casein complex from the condensed skim milk stored for 60 days. PAGE analysis showed that the band corresponding to αs-casein became thin and a smeared zone between, β-casein band and the starting slot increased with the progress of storage. From the above experiments, it is suggested that at least two types of polymerization of casein took place, one is related to S-S bond formation and the other is related to amino carbonyl reaction. These changes appear to concern with the age-thickening of sweetened condensed skim milk.View full abstractDownload PDF (2054K) -
Sakae MATSUOKA, Hideaki KIRIYU, YOZO MACHIYA, Tokuzo HASHIZUME1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 711-718
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo examine the development of the ability for microbial protein synthesis from urea in the rumen of calves and to investigate the influence of urea feeding on rumen fermentation in young calves, rumen fluids collected from rumen-fistulated calves fed urea (Group UR) or soybean oil meal (Group SM) as the main nitrogen source were used as an inoculum for an artificial rumen containing urea as a sole nitrogen source and some characteristics of it were estimated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Amount of increased protein-N and rate of disappearance of ammonia-N in the artificial rumen increased steadily with age reaching a peak at 6 or 8 weeks of age for Group UR or Group SM, respectively, and thereafter remained relatively constant. 2. Throughout the trial period, ammonia-N concentrations in artificial rumen after incubation tended to be lower for Group UR than for Group SM. 3. With respect to ruminal ammonia-N concentration, Group SM gradually decreased with time till 2 to 4 hours after feeding. In contrast, Group UR rapidly increased to reach a peak at 1 hour after feeding and this peak value was the highest, about 40mg/100ml, at 8 weeks of age and 25 to 30mg/100ml, thereafter. 4. In both groups, ruminal VFA concentration steadily increased with age reaching an approximately constant level at 8 weeks of age. Group UR in comparison to Group SM tended to be higher throughout the trial period, especially at 4 and 6 weeks of age. 5. The molar percentage of VFA changed at a wide range with age till 8 weeks of age, but not thereafter. 6. From these results, it is concluded that the ability for microbial protein synthesis from urea in the rumen of calves fed urea reached adult level at about 6 weeks of age and that the rumen fermentation in calves tended to be stabilized by 8 weeks of age and was not influenced deleteriously by feeding urea.View full abstractDownload PDF (508K) -
Katsuhiko NODA, Mitsuharu ENDO, Tsuyoshi TAKAHASHI1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 719-724
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOf Sweetened condensed milk before and after storage at room temperature and 40C, changes of viscosity and color, distribution of protein among casein micelles, rennet coagulation time and acid soluble inorganic phosphorus content were investigated. All of samples which were stored at 40C for one or three weeks and at room temperature for one year, were age-thickened. On storage at higher temperature, age-thickened sweetened condensed milks became slightly brown, and when they were investigated using a chromaticity meter, excitation purity was decreased. The results showed that casein micelles of fresh sweetened condensed milk which have been investigated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration were fractionated into two fractions. After storage the portion of the fast eluting fraction was increased and the slow eluting fraction was decreased. This indicates the aggregation of casein by storage. To presume the ionic calcium content indirectly, rennet coagulation time was determined. After storage, its time was longer than storage. Extending of rennet coagulation time after storage means that the ionic calcium content was decreased. In relation to this phenomenon, acid soluble inorganic phosphorus content was decreased slightly after storage from 145mg/100g to 110mg/100g.View full abstractDownload PDF (349K) -
Kanji MATSUI, Hisashi HIROSE, Hiroshi SAWAZAKI1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 725-732
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSElectrocardiographical and histological investigations on the conduction system of ventricles of the chicken heart were carried out and their characteristics were discussed from the comparative electrocardiographical point of view comparing with the dog and the goat hearts. The deflections of the QRS complexes of the chicken hearts in the unipolar lead electrocardiograms were shown in QS or rS types both in the right and the left ventricular free wall surfaces. On the right ventricular surface, the apical and the anterior middle areas were activated first and the activating areas were extended to the apical and basal parts. The activation of the epicardium in the right ventricular free wall was several milliseconds later than that of the endocardium. The epicardium of the apical area in the left ventricular free wall was activated several milliseconds later than the endocardium. On the other hand, the epicardium of the middle area of the left ventricular free wall was activated earlier than the endocardium and in the basal area the latter was activated several milliseconds earlier than the former. The activation periods of the whole epicardium of the ventricular free wall in hearts of the chicken and the goat were placed on the first half part of the QRS durations, while that of the dog was on the latter half part of it. No remarkable time delays in the conduction time from the apical area to the basal one were observed in the chicken and the goat hearts. The ventricular free walls of these two species were activated within a much shorter time intervals than the dog. Purkinje fibers in the ventricular free walls of the chicken and the goat hearts distributed widely and deeply into the myocardium from the subendocardial layers nearly to the epicardial one. On the contrary, these fibers of the dogs distributed only in the subendocardial layers, they were not observed in the deep portions of the myocardium. From these results, it was recognized that the chicken heart was analogous to the goat heart and the hearts of these two animals were remarkably different from that of the dog. It was presumed that rS or Rs types of the QRS complex in the A-B lead were concerned with the distributions of Purkinje fibers in the ventricular free walls, i. e., the rS type was concerned with the deep penetrations of Purkinje fibers into the myocardium and the Rs type with the local distribution of these fibers only in the subendocardial layers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1396K) -
Hiroshi SHIMIZU, Sanoh UMROD1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 733-738
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWOOD proposed an exponential function as the mathematical model of lactation curve in dairy cattle, as follows: Yn=A•nB•e-C•n, where Yn is weekly average of daily milk yield in the n-th week after the beginning of lactation, and A, B and C are constants. He applied general multiple regression method (unweighted method) to the data which was converted to logarithmic scale, to obtain the estimates of constants. This study aimed to examine the possible usefulness of applying the weighted multiple regression procedure (weighted method), for the purposes of adjusting some skews which might be caused by the scale transformation and increasing the fitness of model. The examination of usefulness was based on the increase of correlation coefficient and the reduction of mean deviation between the observed values and the expected values from the model. Weighted method increased the correlation coefficient and reduced the mean deviation over whole stage of lactation, as compared with unweighted method. Also, in the first one third part of lactation which includes the hump of the maximum daily milk yield, weighted method reduced the mean deviation. However, in later stage of lactation, the weighted method conversely increased the mean deviations. These results show that the weighted method is more useful for fitting the model to lactation curve, especially in the early stage of lactation, but less useful in the later stage than unweighted method.View full abstractDownload PDF (333K) -
Sadao SHIROMA, Akira AKASHI1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 739-747
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of goat rumen fluid (GRF) or microorganisms in association with poultry digestive tracts fluid (PDTF) and swine stomach fluid (SSF) on degradation of mimosine, or mechanisms involved in mimosine detoxication by the digestive tract fluids of these animals were studied. Concentration of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (LLDW) buds significantly decreased as the duration of rumen suspending was advanced. Mimosine concentrations of LLDW bud residue were 69 and 0.3mg/dry matter (DM) for the control (0hr) and 25hr of treatment, respectively. Spectrophotometric determination of mimosine incubated with GRF gave a general trend of reduction in the concentration of this substance, whereas incubation of mimosine with PDTF and SSF showed no such tendencies. This inconsistency and the slightness of reduction in mimosine content determined spectrophotometrically after periodical incubation suggest that mimosine and its degraded substance simultaneously react with FeCl3•6H2O solution used as a reagent for the color development. This suggetion was clearly confirmed by the qualitative paper chromatographic analysis in which the degraded substance of mimosine, 3, 4-dihydroxypyridine (DHP), was detected in the incubation medium of GRF but not in those of PDTF and SSF. From paper chromatograms, it was also apparent that all GRF fractions; supernatant, protozoa rich and bacteria rich, were able to degrade mimosine into 3, 4-DHP. Furthermore, quantitative liquid chromatographic analysis of mimosine after periodical incubation made it clear that GRF, in comparison with PDTF and SSF, was much more capable of degrading this toxic substance. The respective reduction values were 96, 42 and 42%. Considering all these results, it may be concluded that goat in contrast to poultry and swine, is able to detoxicate mimosine on the ingestion of LLDW materials due to the degrading action of rumen microorganisms.View full abstractDownload PDF (457K) -
Matanobu ABE, Hitoshi SHIBUI, Tsunenori IRIKI1976 Volume 47 Issue 12 Pages 748-755
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAbstract Twelve Holstein male calves, averaging 155kg initially, were divided into four groups of three calves each. Group 1 was given a basal concentrate diet containing urea as a sole source of nitrogen. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were alloted to diets prepared by adding 40, 80 and 160g formaldehyde-treated fish meal (FFM), respectively, to 1kg basal diet. The animals were allowed free access to their test diet and to chopped rice straw, for three weeks. The growth and the feed conversion were progressively improved by supplemental FFM, and were significantly higher (P<.05) in groups 3 and 4 than in group 1. Feed consumption was not significantly affected by the supplementation of FFM. The ratio of total essential amino acids (EAA) to total non-essential amino acids in blood plasma was significantly higher (P<.05) in group 4 than the other groups. The plasma glycine level tended to decline with increasing supplemental FFM, and the ratio of glycine to total branched amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) was significantly lower (P<.05) in group 4 than in groups 1 and 2. Of the EAA, concentrations of lysine and leucine in plasma were significantly higher (P<.05) in groups 3 and 4 than in group 1, while the plasma threonine level was lower (P<.05) in groups 3 and 4 than in group 1. Plasma methionine level did not change significantly, but the total concentration of sulphur (S)-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine) was significantly higher (P<.05) in groups 3 and 4. It is considered that lysine, leucine and probably S-containing amino acids would be the major limiting amino acids of ruminally synthesized protein for the growth of calves.View full abstractDownload PDF (435K)
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