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Volume 50, Issue 5
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Masaki SHIBATA, Akio MUKAI1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 265-270
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis trial was carried out, utilizing four fistulated Holstein dry cows in a 4×4 Latin-square design with 14-day periods, to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the relationship between ruminal VFA and heat production or body temperature of cows. The cows were housed in two climatic chambers and fed one of two levels of Italian ryegrass hay under two temperature-relative humidity(RH)treatments:32°C-60% RH(H)and 18°C-60% RH(L). One level of hay intake was the maintenance requirement of The Japanese Feeding Standard (S) and the other level was 70% of the S level (R). The four treatment combinations were HS, LS, HR and LR. The cows were fed the hay twice daily in equal amount at 8:30 AM and 5:30 PM. Any hay refused by these cows during the trial was weighed back and inserted into the rumen through the fistula. The results were as follows: 1) The concentrations of total VFA, acetic acid and propionic acid were significantly higher in HS treatment than in both HR and LR treatments. 2) Total VFA declined at a slower rate with time after feeding in HS treatment. 3) The peaking time for the total VFA was about 2 or 3hr after feeding whereas for the heat production it was about 5hr after feeding. 4) All components of VFA had high positive correlations each other in both H and L treatments. 5) Heat production had a high positive correlation with all components of VFA in both H and L treatments. 6) Body temperature had a positive correlation with heat production and all components of VFA in H treatment whereas in L treatment significant correlation was not found. 7) Results from multiple regression analysis suggested that there is a possibility that differences in the composition of the ruminal VFA produced by fermentation of different types of ration could decrease the body temperature of cow in a hot environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (495K) -
Yukio AKIBA, Tatsuro MATSUMOTO1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 271-275
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSignificance of myrosinase activity (thioglucoside glucohydrolase E. C. 3.2. 3.1.) in rapeseed meal for the induction of physiologically active goitrin in chicks was examined. Defatted rapeseed meal, heated for 2hr at 90°C or 150°C, was fed to seven days old White Leghorn male chicks for 14 days. Heat treatment at 90°C for 2hr did not change glucosinolate content in rapeseed meal and heating at 150°C for 2hr destroyed 12-38% of glucosinolate. Myrosinase activity in rapeseed meal was reduced to 70% and 10-20% by heat treatments at 90°C and 150°C, respectively. Physiologically active goitrin induced by myrosinase in rapeseed meal in the digestive tract of chicks fed unheated rapeseed meal was 20-32mg per 100g diet, corresponding to 15-20% of the chemically determined total goitrin in the diet. When chicks were fed rapeseed meal heated at 150°C for 2hr, induction of physiological active goitrin by myrosinase in rapeseed meal in the digestive tract was below 7mg per 100g diet, corresponding below 5% of the chemically determined total goitrin.View full abstractDownload PDF (331K) -
Haruhiro YOSHIDA, Shigenori IKEMOTO, Tsuneo ABE, Shozo SUZUKI1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 276-279
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe agglutinin having affinity for the sheep red cells was found in Tulip bulb extract. The sheep red cells agglutinated by this extract were T type and those not agglutinated were t type. The phenotype frequency of the T type was estimated to be 58.00% for Corriedale, 78.38% for Suffolk, 90.91% for Romney Marsh and 40.00% for Border Leicester, respectively. The genetic study on the T system proved that inheritance of this system was controlled by a dominant allele at an autosomal locus. The gene frequency of T was 0.3519 for Corriedale, 0.5350 for Suffolk, 0.6985 for Romney Marsh and 0.2254 for Border Leicester, respectively. The comparison test was made between the T system and other blood group systems already reported. The reaction pattern of the T system was different from the Sh1, D, R, 0, Aa, Ab, Ca, Ma, Mb and Mc sheep blood group systems.View full abstractDownload PDF (255K) -
Production of Lactic Acid and Volatile Fatty AcidsShigehiko MASAKI, Yoshinobu OHYAMA1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 280-287
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass ensiled in laboratory silos, changes in sugars, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were investigated during ensilage in 4 experiments. The silos were kept in an incubator set at 25°C, and were emptied at 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 7C days after ensiling, respectively, for the chemical analyses. Water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were determined with the hydrolysate of water extract by the method of SOMOGYI-NELSON. Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were estimated as glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructosan and starch (if any) by liquid chromatography with 80% ethanol and hot water extracts. Although sugar contents of the material grass were relatively high in Exp. II as well as Exp. I, silage of Exp. II was of poor quality with very little latic acid and large amounts of butyric acid and other VFA. On the other hand, though sugar contents in Exp. III and IV were similarly low, the quality of silage in Exp. III was fairly good with no butyric acid and considerable amount of lactic acid. In Exp. II, a large amount of WSC was consumed during 2 days after ensiling, but lactic acid and acetic acid produced were much less than expected. In Exp. III and IV, the amounts of lactic acid produced during first 2 days were equal to or larger than WSC of the initial material grass. In Exp. I, at 2 days after ensiling, sum of the amounts of lactic acid and remaining WSC proved to be larger than the quantity of WSC in the material. From the facts mentioned above, it can be suggested that considerable amounts of lactic acid were produced from some other substances than initial WSC or NSC. Changes in NSC during ensilage were investigated in Exp. I. Sucrose disappeared in 2 days of ensilage and glucose was not detected at 7 days after ensiling. Fructosan contents reduced by half during first 2 days, but it remained in small quantities until 70 days after ensiling. Fructose level at 2 days after ensiling was rather higher than the initial amount. It can be considered that the increase in fructose was due to the hydrolysis of sucrose and fructosan.View full abstractDownload PDF (561K) -
Shin-ichiro HARA, Yoshinobu OHYAMA1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 288-295
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn five experiments of the same design using silages made from maize of three growth stages (dough-mature)harvested in 1975, the changes in micro-flora during aerobic deterioration were investigated in relation to the effect of the application of propionic acid (C3) (100mmol/kg) at opening silo in preventing the deterioration. Silages were packed in polystyrene containers and kept in a room of 24°C under aerobic conditions. The deterioration was judged by rise in temperature, increase in pH and changes in micro-flora. The results obtained were as follows: 1) All of the silages without C3 (control) deteriorated within 3 days after opening, while three of the C3-treated silages were stable for 7 days. 2) In four of five experiments, Saccharomyces exiguus was dominant at the time of opening silo. 3) The micro-organisms which seemed to be causative of deterioration in control silages differed from silage to silage, S. exiguus, Candida krusei and Pichia membranaefaciens were considered responsible for the deterioration in one, one and three experiments, respectively. Also, moulds (Penicillium sp. and Monascus sp.) were concerned in the deterioration. 4) Application of C3 reduced the cell number of S. exiguus, while growth of P. membranaefaciens was observed, suggesting that the latter species was tolerant to C3. In two silages treated with C3, it was considered that P. membranaefaciens induced aerobic deterioration. 5) With the silages having deteriorated, marked decreases in osmotic pressure of their water extracts were observed.View full abstractDownload PDF (520K) -
Yukio FURUICHI, Shikao ISHIKAWA1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 296-304
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were carried out to confirm whether polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a water-soluble synthetic highpolymer, was suitable for digestibility studies as a marker with rabbit. Rabbits were fed the diet containing 2% PVA and 1% chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and the fecal excretion pattern of markers was observed for 15 consecutive days. Results obtained are as follows. 1. When coprophagy was prevented, the concentrations of PVA and Cr2O3 in the soft feces were 10.09±0.60% and 1.64±0.0400%, and those in the hard feces were 0.47±0.11% and 2.28±0.09%, respectively. The variation of excretion of both indicators was not so great. Total recoveries of PVA and Cr2O3 were 92.50% and 99.8%, respectively. Ninety-three% of total PVA and 72% of total Cr2O3 were excreted in soft feces and hard feces, respectively. 2. When coprophagy was permitted, the concentration of Cr2O3 was 2.45±0.09% and reached to a plateau at 5 days after the initial feeding of the marker-containing diet. Recovery of Cr2O3 was 96.3%. The concentration of PVA, however, did not reach to a plateau even after 15 days of feeding and increased gradually. It was suggested from the above results that PVA is not applicable to digestion studies with rabbits.View full abstractDownload PDF (541K) -
Hiroshi HARADA, Kazuo KUMAZAKI1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 305-311
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFat thickness, cross sectional area of M. long. thoracis and marbling score are important economic traits and principal parameters on performance test and carcass dealing of beef cattle. Fifty five Japanese Black steers were ultrasonically scanned for estimating carcass quality in live state. Two of them were scanned between the 5th and 6th rib, 7th and 8th rib, 10th and 11th rib and 12th and 13th rib to compare with scanning sites, and other steers were scanned between the 5th and 6th rib or 7th and 8th rib to study the differences of scanogram estimates by two interpreters. All steers were slaughtered after scanning and their carcasses were quartered after 24 or 48 hrs chilling at the corresponding site with scanning. Measurements were made on the scanograms and carcasses at each site about subcutaneous fat thinckness, cross sectional area of M. long. thoracis and marbling score. The scanogram estimates of fat thickness gave considerably good agreements with the carcass measurements at each scanning site. The cross sectional areas of M. long. thoracis estimated by ultrasonic scanning between the 5th and 6th rib or 7th and 8th rib were more accurate than those of the 10th and 11th rib or 12th and 13th rib. Mean differences between scanogram estimates by two interpreters were 0.04mm (between the 5th and 6th rib) and 0.72mm (between the 7th and 8th rib) on fat thickness, 0.31cm2 (between the 5th and 6th rib) and 0.78cm2 (between the 7th and 8th rib) on cross sectional area of M. long. thoracis and 0.17 (between the 5th and 6th rib) and 0.15 (between the 7th and 8th rib) on marbling score. The correlation coefficients and rank correlation coefficients between scanogram estimates by two interpreters were highly significant (P<0.01) in all measurements. These results indicated that the scanningscope was useful for estimating carcass quality of beef cattle in live state.View full abstractDownload PDF (1254K) -
Hajime MIYAMOTO, Eiji OKIMASU, Takehiko ISHIBASHI1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 312-319
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present experiments were designed to examine the temperatures where survival rates of mouse embryos decrease if frozen at slow cooling rates and then thawed. Effects of cryoprotective agents and cooling rates on survival of frozen-thawed mouse embryos were also examined. The samples containing 8-cell mouse embryos were equilibrated for 10 min at 0°C after the addition of the cryoprotective agent and seeded with an ice crystal to induce ice formation at -5°C They were cooled at rates of 0.5, 2 and 5°C/min from -5 to -79°C, 1 to 2°C/min from -79 to -120°C and then kept in liquid nitrogen vapour for 15 to 30min before transfer into liquid nitrogen (about 500°C/min) in the presence of 1.2M dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), 1M glycerol or 1.2M ethylene glycol. Regardless of the cryoprotective agents none of embryos survived freezing after being cooled to -79°C at 5°C/min, and a cooling rate of 0.5°C/min was better(p<0.05) for survival of embryos after freezing to -196°C than a rate of 2°C/min. Ethylene glycol afforded more (P<0.01) effective protection to mouse embryos frozen to -196°C at 0.5°C/min than DMSO or glycerol, and DMSO better (P<0.01) than glycerol. In contrast, when embryos were cooled at 2°C/min, DMSO was better (P<0.05) than glycerol for survival and DMSO afforded more effective protection than ethylene glycol although dif- ference was not significant. Almost no decline in survival rate of embryos occurred between 0°C and -40°C except after being cooled at 2°C/min with glycerol, when no decline was observed between 0°C and -30°C only. Survival rate decreased at tempera- tures below -40°C, and also decreased at from -79 to -196°C except after being cooled at 0.5°C/min with ethylene glycol, when no decline occurred at temperatures below -50°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (453K) -
Kenji TOGASHI, Shoji TANAKA1979 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 320-327
Published: May 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo determine the relation between water restriction and various physiological responses in a hot and cold environment, an investigation was carried out both in summer and in winter. The results are as follows. 1. During the period of dehydration, decreases occurred in body weight, feed intake, respiratory rate and heat production, at the same time increases were found for haematocrit, haemoglobin, serum protein, serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and the ratio of urinary nitrogen to total nitrogen intake. 2. On dehydration, it was observed that urine volume and faecal moisture content decreased similarly in summer, while the decrease of faecal moisture content was greater than that of urine volume in winter. 3. The rapid intake of a large amount of water after dehydration caused the increases in heat production, respiratory rate and heart rate in winter. At the same time decrease occurred in leg skin temperature, which continued for a while. 4. Four observations per day were carried out, and consequently diurnal variations of respiratory rate and skin temperature in summer and skin temperature in winter fluctuated in parallel with ambient temperature. Rectal temperature lagged behind changing ambient temperature in summer. The diurnal variation of heat production suggested the effect of water restriction.View full abstractDownload PDF (427K)
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