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Volume 57, Issue 11
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Haruhiro YOSHIDA, Shigenori IKEMOTO1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 873-876
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenetic polymorphism of the Hp (Haptoglobin) and Gc (Group specific component) in sera of mongrel dog is described. The use of two dimentional electrophoresis with the pH range 3.8-8.5 enable us to discern two Hp types controlled by a dominant allele at the single autosomal locus, and three Gc phenotypes controlled by the two codominant alleles at the single autosomal locus. The phenotype frequencies estimated were 80% for type Hp (+), 20% for type Hp (-), 40% for type Gc 1, 39% for type Gc 2-1 and 21% for type Gc2, respectively. The gene frequencies were 0.553 for Hp+, 0.595 for Gc1 and 0.405 for Gc2, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (666K) -
Kazuhiro SHIMADA, Takao OISHI, Yoshiaki IZAIKE, Akira OKANO, Masayuki ...1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 877-880
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to evaluate the interaction between breed and the condition of pasture on forage intake in beef cows, this experiment was conducted in 1981 and 1982 at Chugoku National Agricultural Experiment Station and at Yamaguchi Zootechnical Experiment Station using Japanese Black cows (JB) and Japanese Polled cows (JP). The forage intake per one hour of each breed was estimated from the weight changes of cow during a period of grazing of 1 hour. The measurement of intake was made over data seven periods for each consecutive three days. And the data obtained were analyzed by least-squares procedures. The results were as follows: 1) The overall least-squares mean of forage intake was 4.6kg/hr in fresh weight, ranging from 2.2 to 6.2kg/hr for each experimental period. The average forage intake of JB and JP were 4.4 and 4.9kg/hr, respectively. The effects of breeds (B), experiment station (E), experimental periods (P), B×E and E×P interaction were highly significant(P<0.001). The difference between breeds was greater (JB<JP) in Yamaguchi than in Chugoku. 2) As the mean of forage intake for each experimental period increased, the difference between breeds was found to be increased. The equation was:
Y=-1.27+0.38X (R2=0.53, P<0.01)
where X=forage intake for each experimental period (kg/hr) and Y=the difference (JP-JB, kg/hr).View full abstractDownload PDF (314K) -
Ryoei KOBAYASHI, Akio YAMAZAKI, Noboru MIKAMI, Tamotsu TOBINO1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 881-886
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to investigate the influence of forage conservation methods on β-carotene content, the following six hay and silages were prepared from first-cut alfalfa and orchardgrass; 1. Hay A: Chopped hay dried in the shade. 2. Hay B: Chopped hay treated with anhydrous ammonia for 10 days in semi-dried stage (39% moisture). 3. Hay C: Chopped hay treated with microwave radiation for 2.5 minutes before drying. 4. Silage A: Direct cut silage prepared with glucose (20g/kg) in 21 laboratory silos. 5. Silage B: Formic acid added (6ml/kg) silage prepared in the same type of silos mentioned above. 6. Silage C: Formalin added (8ml/kg) silage prepared in the same type of silos used for silage A and B. Beta-carotene content of these forage were determined from beginning to 17 weeks after and the following results were observed. 1. The 1east decrease of β-carotene content within 6 forages was shown in the glucose added silage. There was not any difference between the β-carotene content of formic acid added silage and that of formalin added silage. 2. Beta-carotene content of the hay treated with microwave radiation was constantly higher than those of other hay. This may be due to the enzyme inactivation caused by microwave radiation. 3. The lowest β-carotene content was observed in ammonia treated hay. 4. The rapid decreases of β-carotene content were observed in all silages which were taken out from experimental silos and exposed to the air.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
Gui RUNG, Hiroshi SEKIGUCHI, Soichi IMAI1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 887-894
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe change of features in the rumen was examined on an adult fistulated steer when it was fed excessive brewer's grain. The normal feed given to the cattle was gradually replaced by brewer's grain in order that the ratio of TDN occupied by brewer's grain to the total daily TDN intake increases 10% each a day. The cattle was given the 100% brewer's grain diet from 10th to 14th day, then the feed was reversed to the normal feed from 15th day and thereafter. The time dependent changes and disturbances observed during the experiment were as follows; (1) Feed residual was first observed on 6th day when the TDN of brewer's grain amounted to 48% of total TDN taken by the cattle, after that feed intake tended to decrease irregularly until 14th day when no feed was ingested. (2) Rumen ciliates disappeared unexpectedly on 10th day and remained lost until 29th day when they reappeared. Since the ciliates re-established in the rumen, their number increased exponentially and reached to the original level on 6 day after re-establishment. (3) Ten species of the genus Entodinium and 5 species belonging to other 4 genera were recognized in the rumen fluid before the disappearance of ciliates. Of them, only Entodinium dilobum increased markedly its number until 9th day which was the day before disappearance of all the ciliates. On the other hand, only 2 species, Entodinium ovinum and E. simplex, were re-established until 36th day. (4) The concentrations of VFA in the rumen decreased to less than 1mM/100ml on 14th and 15th day, when the only acid detected was acetic acid and no other components. (5) On 14th day, the inner surface of the ruminal wall looked red because of ulceration raised and spread on all the ruminal papillae. This damage showed little progress toward complete recovery even on 36th day. (6) Normal function of the rumen which had damaged completely was recovered at 3 weeks after the return to normal feed. (7) Relationship among the feed-intake, the changes of the rumen and its contents, and the transition of ciliates was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (574K) -
Manabu YAMADA1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 895-901
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe extrinsic system of blood coagulation is mainly an activating pathway in chickens. Accordingly, the elasticity of the thrombus which was coagulated with tissue thromboplastin (TP), was measured by a thrombelastograph (TEG) and evaluated in terms of the meaning of TEG indices. TP showed a strong species-specificity for extrinsic activation and homologous TP proved more effective. TP activation was unaffected by contamination of tissue juice in the blood sample and as a result, unaltered data were obtained in a short time. These TEG indices primarily indicated activity which reflected the thrombocyte function and action below stage II. TEG indices without r were sensitive to the calcium concentration in the TP solution. Therefore, additional calcium volume to measuring samples needed to determine strictly. The figures given from thrombocyte rich plasma usually showed a stronger action than in the case of whole blood. From the above results, it is suggested that blood coagulation in chickens can be measured by the combination of TEG with homogous TP under a constant calcium concentration.View full abstractDownload PDF (527K) -
Takayasu KAMI, Kazuhiko OHSAKI1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 902-906
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the connection between the aromas of forage crops and the flavors of cow's milk, the volatile constituents of soiling dent corn and of the milk of cow fed with soiling dent corn were analyzed via a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and FID-gas chromatograph (GC-MS and GC). The area percentage and the parts per billion (ppb) concentration of each compound were also calculated on a data processor for GC using n-heptadecane as the internal standard. As a result, 26 compounds were identified from the volatile constituents of soiling dent corn, and their area percentages and ppb values were 85.1 and 11110, respectively. The volatile constituents of soiling dent corn were relatively rich in acids and alcohols, and of these compounds, 4-hexenoic acid, cis-3-hexen-1-ol and benzyl alcohol were the major constituents. On the other hand, 40 compounds were identified from the volatile constituents of cow's milk, and their area percentages and ppb values were 81.7 and 147.6, respectively. Quantitatively speaking, the volatile constituents of cow's milk were very few compared with the volatile constituents of soiling dent corn. The volatile constituents of cow's milk were relatively rich in acids and esters, and of these compounds, caprylic acid, caproic acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate and capric acid were the major constituents. Alcohols of a 6 carbon-number found in soiling dent corn disappeared in cow's milk, while alcohols of a 5 carbon-number were detected in the milk. Lower ketones and ethyl acetate were found in both soiling dent corn and cow's milk. Carbonyl compounds were observed in cow's milk only in trace amounts.View full abstractDownload PDF (319K) -
Shozo SUZUKI, Harutaka MUKOYAMA, Kazue TANAKA, Kazushige MOGI, Hung M. ...1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 907-915
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe humoral immune responses in native horses were investigated with respect to natural antibodies against human red blood cells, viruses and bacteria, and also with respect to antibody response to cultured human lymphocytes, using seven breeds of Japanese and Korean native horses. The natural hemagglutinins of human ABO blood group antigens were recognized in the normal sera of all native horses. The human leucoagglutinins and lymphocytotoxins were also recognized in the normal sera of Hokkaido native horses, Kiso horses, Tsushima horses, Cheju native horses and Light breed horses. The frequency of appearance of these antibodies in four of these breeds, except for Kiso horses, ranged from 10% to 20%; while in Kiso horses it was 40%. The titers of natural hemaggulutinins were between 1:4 and 1:64, and those of leucoagglutinins and lymphocytotoxins were between 1:2 and 1:4. Differences, due to breed, in the frequency and titers of those antibodies were not significant (P>0.05). The frequency and titers of antibodies specific to virus or bacterial antigens in the normal sera of native horses varied among the breeds. However, either differences in these antibodies due to breed were not significant. There was no obvious tendency, except that Kiso horses showed comparatively higher titers than the other breeds. As all Cheju native horses were vaccinated with Japanese encephalitis virus, the specific antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus were recognized in the sera of all Cheju native horses. Immune responses to cultured human lymphocytes were examined using Hokkaido native horses, Cheju native horses and Misaki horses. Specific anti-human lymphocytotoxic antibodies were produced in the former two 1 week after injection and their titers were 1:32. Afterwards their titers rose rapidly, and the maximum titers were 1:2048 at five weeks in Hokkaido native horses and 1:4096 at four weeks in Cheju native horses. On the other hand, in Misaki horses the antibody titers rose slowly, and their titers were 1:8-1:16 at two weeks while the maximum titer was 1:1024 at seven weeks. Production of the anti-human leucocyte antibody was recognized as similar to that of the anti-human lymphocytotoxic antibody. When Cheju native horses were injected with a small quantity of cultured human lymphocytes, higher antibody titers were obtained compared to those of Hokkaido native horses. The titers for lymphocy-totoxins and leucoagglutinins in anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) were similar to each other in Hokkaido native horses, Misaki horses and Cheju native horses. However, individual difference in those titers in every breed of native horse was observed. After purification, the anti-lymphocyte globulin was neither contaminated with non-specific agglutinins nor with other ingredients. Therefore, the globulin seems to be an excellent reagent. In conclusion, Japanese and Korean native horses have been obsewed to produce antibodies with respect to humoral immune responses via natural and artificial immunization. From these facts, it is considered that they can be utilized as experimental animals for the production of ALG and serum materials.View full abstractDownload PDF (1005K) -
Takuro OIKAWA, Kouki KYAN1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 916-924
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSField records of the carcass traits of Japanese Black steers, collected at the Okinawa Prefecture Meat Center from 1978 to 1984, were used to evaluate the importance of sire×environment interactions and to estimate the genetic parameters of carcass traits. Data were collected for 572 steers representing 14 sires and analyzed by the least squares procedure using 2 mixed models; model 1 containing sire, location, year, linear and quadratic regressions on steer age at the time of slaughter and interaction (sire×location, sire×year or location×year), and model 2 containing location-year effects and interaction (sire×location-year) instead of location, year and the interactions in model 1. The results obtained with model 1 showed that sire×location interaction was significant (P<0.05) with respect to carcass wt. and daily carcass gain (carcass wt./age), and that sire×year interaction was significant with respect to the rib eye area and carcass proportion (P<0.05) as well as the color, gloss and quality of fat (P<0.01). Location×year interaction was significant for the abovementioned traits except for the color, gloss and quality of fat. On the other hand, sire×location-year interaction was significant only for the color, gloss and quality of fat. Therefore, these results suggest that sire×environment interaction was a negligible source of variation when genetic sire values were to be evaluated in Okinawa. The least squares analysis of variance showed that sire effect was significant for all the traits studied. Heritabilities were in the range between low and medium; 0.38 for marbling score, 0.31 for the rib eye area, 0.28 for proportion of carcass and for texture and firmness of meat, 0.26 for carcass grade, 0.24 for color and gloss of meat, 0.21 for carcass wt., 0.20 for daily carcass gain and 0.16 for color, gloss and quality of fat. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were generally high among both meat production traits and meat quality traits.View full abstractDownload PDF (484K) -
Toshio TANAKA, Tadashi YOSHIMOTO1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 925-930
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSto clarify how the mode of feed administration effects the feeding behavior of hens, a comparison was made of this behavior from the time before feeding to that after feeding, following the feeding schedule of zero, one, two and three or six times per day. The daily feed intake, number of pecks at feed, time spent pecking at feed, number of pecking bouts and diurnal patterns of feed intake were found to be essentially the same in all cases. However, food tampering decreased following the first feeding when the number of feed administrations was from 1 to 3 per day. It was concluded that feed administration has effects on feeding behavior itself, but behavioral habituation may occur toward an increase in the number of feeding times.View full abstractDownload PDF (700K) -
Kazuyoshi HIRAO, Junichi IIZUKA, Megumi KANNO, Tomotaka TAN, Hisaichi ...1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 931-939
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo-dimensional electrophoretic analyses were performed in order to characterize the modifications occurring in the proteins of spermatozoa obtained from boar epididymides, vasa deferentia and ejaculates, and to reveal any possible differences in the proteins of sperm cells during epididymal maturation.
A total of thirty-four sperm proteins was revealed, with molecular weights ranging from 23, 000 to 80, 300 over a pI range of 4.0 to 7.9. Of these intensely staining protein fractions of spermatozoa, 28 were present in the caput, 17 in the corpus, 5 in the cauda epididymidis, 12 in the vas deferens and 6 in the ejaculates, thus showing a decrease along the epididymis, an increase in the vas deferens and a further decrease in the ejaculates. The majority of the fractions in epididymal spermatozoa were distributed in the acidic part of the pI range from 6.0 to 6.9 in the caput and from 5.0 to 5.9 in the corpus and cauda epididymidis. It is possible that three protein fractions in the acidic part of pI range from 5.0 to 5.9 with molecular weights within the range of 56, 800 to 57, 800 were common to the epididymal, vas deferens and ejaculated spermatozoa, becoming coated to the sperm cells in the testis or caput epididymidis. Fifteen protein fractions with molecular weights ranging from 23, 500 to 79, 500 appearing on spermatozoa in the caput epididymidis were absent from sperms in all other regions over a pI range of 5.0 to 6.9. Four newly revealed protein fractions were found in sperms from the corpus epididymidis and one in those from the vas deferens, within pI ranges of 5.0 to 5.9 and 7.0 to 7.9 and with molecular weights of between 65, 400 and 71, 300, and 38, 400, respectively. In addition, the presence was revealed of low polymers within a molecular weight range of 15, 000 to 20, 000 and with pI ranges of 3.5 to 4.0 in the caput, and 7.5 to 7.9 in spermatozoa of the corpus and cauda epididymidis, vas deferens and ejaculates.View full abstractDownload PDF (1453K) -
Shinichi KUME, Mitsunori KURIHARA, Shigeo TAKAHASHI, Masaki SHIBATA, T ...1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 940-945
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor dry, nonpregnant Holstein cows were housed in two independ-enty controlled climatic rooms, each housing 2 open-circuit respiration chambers. Two of the cows were exposed to temperatures in the order 18, 26, and 32°C and 60% RH for 2 weeks per treatment, and the other two were exposed to the same temperatures in reverse order. They were fed Italian ryegrass hay at a level corresponding to their maintenance requirements. There were no significant differences in body weight between treatments. Hay intake and block salt intake decreased at high temperatures, but water intake increased with increasing temperature. Major mineral concentrations in hay were almost adequate. There were no significant differences in Ca absorption and retention between treatments, but they tended to increase at 26°C and decrease at 32°C. Phosphorus absorption and retention decreased at 32°C. Sodium absorption and retention decreased greatly at 32°C, with especially negative retention at this temperature. The absorption and retenntion of Mg and K were not significantly different between treatment. Results suggest that the apparent absorption and retention of Ca, P, and Na in dry cows may be affected by heat stress and decrease at 32°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (354K) -
Tatsuo MURAMATSU, Jong HWANG-BO, Jun-ichi OKUMURA, Iwao TASAKI1986 Volume 57 Issue 11 Pages 946-956
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA thermogenic effect of tri-iodothyronine (T3) was examined in young chicks with special reference to the extent of T3-induced thermogenesis, a dose-response relationship between exogenous T3 and heat production, and ageing effect on T3-induced thermogenesis. Altogether 4 experiments were conducted in that the heat production with or without T3 administration was determined by a respiration test, except for Experiment 1 in which carcass analysis was used instead. In Experiment 1, T3 injection increased, though not significantly, heat production by 7% at 2 weeks of age, while a 20% increase was observed at 3 weeks of age in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 was conducted to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between exogenous T3 and heat production of chicks. By T3 administration the heat prodcution significantly increased and reached the highest value at 200μg/kg body weight per day. However, no significant difference was shown at any dose tested ranging from 100 to 300μg/kg body weight per day. Effect of ageing on the thermogenic action of T3 was investigated in Experiment 4, where T3 failed to stimulate heat production at 1 week of age, but thereafter the T3-induced thermogenesis became evident.View full abstractDownload PDF (633K)
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