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Volume 57, Issue 2
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Kazushi ABE, Haku SUGAWARA1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 83-88
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of noise on the growth of chicks and egg laying in hens. Twenty chicks were raised in a sound-proof room illuminated all day long. At two weeks of age, they were divided into two groups: a control group(C) and a noise-load-ed group(N). The latter group was loaded with noise of 70-75 phon, recorded from highway traffic, every other hour for 21 weeks. 1. Mean body weights was lower in group N than in group C in each week of the noise-loaded period. The difference between the two groups increased gradually to 147g in 20 weeks of age. 2. Body weight of one to four in group N was usually below the lower critical limits of body weight in group C. 3. First egg laying appeared a little later in group N than in group C. 4. The average rate of egg laying was lower in group N than in group C every week during the noise-loaded period. The largest difference was 20 per cent. 5. There were no significant differences in the contents of calcium, magnesium and phosphorous in the egg shell. 6. After noise-loading ended, body weight and egg laying in group N approached those in group C.View full abstractDownload PDF (429K) -
Shuji SHINCHI, Toshikazu ITOH, Matanobu ABE, Makoto KANDATSU1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 89-96
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is already shown that the cell free rumen liquid has proteolytic activity, and its activity is very unstable. This experiment was carried out in order to demonstrate the occurrence of extracellular proteolytic enzymes of rumen ciliate protozoa and their activities in the rumen liquid. Two goats(2 years old, female, body wt. 50 kg and 3 years old, castrated male, body wt. 70 kg) and one cow(2 years old, body wt. 500 kg) fitted with rumen fistulas were used. These goats were fed on alfalfa hay and mixed concentrate feed according to the usual method, and the cow was fed on the daily rations consisting 3 kg of rice straw and 4 kg of mixed concentrate feed. In one goat the protozoa-free stage was worked out after the conventional stage. Defaunation was carried out by method of ABOU AKKADA et al.(1968). Rumen liquid was obtained from rumen contents taken through rumen fistula before and after feeding from which cell free rumen liquid was prepared by centrifugation. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1). Large amount of casein was decomposed by cell free rumen liquid at the conventional stage than at the protozoa free stage, and such tendency was remarkable after feeding. 2). Amount of casein decomposed by cell free rumen liquid was markedly increased by reduction with dithiothreitol and vise versa by oxidation with o-iodosobenzoic acids). The proteolytic activity of cell free rumen liquid taken from goat and cow were the largest about 1 hr after feeding. 4). Casein, protein powder from soybean and wheat gluten were decomposed more easily in order by cell free rumen liquid, while zein was not decomposed. From the facts above-mentioned, it is demonstrated that the rumen ciliate protozoa excrete proteolytic enzymes into the rumen liquid and the proteolytic activity in the cell free rumen liquid is promoted remarkably in a short time after feeding.View full abstractDownload PDF (592K) -
Yasuhiko WADA, Akira TAKEBE1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 97-102
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIteration mixed model procedures for sire evaluation, illustrated by Scheaffer(1976), were used to evaluate 57 Holstein sires based on field performance-testing records of milk and fat yield in Japan. Predictions for sire evaluation which included only 90, 132 first lactation records and for those with 302, 958 records of all lactations were compared. These records, collected from 1976 to 1981, were adjusted using correction factors for region, age of daughter and season. The model for best linear unbiased prediction included fixed effects of sire age group and herd-year of freshening, and random effects of sires within sire age group, and residuals. Iteration procedure became convergent after only three calculations. Heritabilities of milk and fat yield, which were estimated after convergence, were 0.42 and 0.34 from first lactation records, and 0.26 and 0.22 from records of all lactations. Using all lactation records, estimates of effects of sire age group from 1966 to 1969 were higher than those of later sire groups. Rank correlations between predictions of sire merit(gi+sij) using first lactation records, and using all lactation records, were also 0. 93 for each trait. Using first lactation records, rank correlation between milk yield and fat yield was 0.60, and 0.54 using all lactation records. Rank correlations between predictions of sire merit of both traits and number of records of all lactations, were of small negative value or zero. These results indicated that the iteration mixed model procedure for sire evaluations could be a useful method, because more accurate predictions of sire merits should be obtained with reasonable increases in computation costView full abstractDownload PDF (409K) -
Ryoici SAKATA, Yukiharu NAGATA1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 103-108
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn examination was made of the extractability of native nitroso heme pigments(NOHP) with water from commercial raw ham and cured meat, following the 75% acetone procedure, and the effect of an endogenous factor on the extractability was noted. Cured meat was prepared by adding nitrite, ascorbate and sodium chloride to porcine skeletal muscle at pH 5.0-6.5. The percentage of water extracted NOHP to the total NOHP was expressed as the extractability of native NOHP. NOHP content was estimated from the absorbance at 395 nm of the 75% acetone extract. Most of the heme pigments were extracted with water from the uncured raw meat. In the commercial raw hams tested, the extractability of native NOHP was generally low, ranging from 8 to 75%. The extractability of native NOHP increased in proportion to pH at the time of curing. Even when the pH of the meat cured at 5.5 rose to 6.5 at the time of water extraction, there was only a slight increase in extractability. The extractability of nitrosomyoglobin(NOMb) added to the raw meat swiftly decreased at pH 5.5, but at pH6.5, the NOMb could all be extracted without any adsorption on to the meat. Myofibrils from porcine skeletal muscle were cured with nitrite, ascorbate and sodium chloride in the presence of myoglobin. The extractability of NOMb at pH 5.0-6.5 changed in a manner similar to that for cured meat.Variation in the extractability of NOMb added to the myofibrils with pH was also similar to that observed for the raw meat. On the basis of the above data, the decline in extractability of native NOHP from cured meat with a decrease in pH was concluded to be due to an interaction between native NOHP and the myofibrils in the cured meat.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
Kunio SUGAHARA, Tatsuo KUBO, Iwao TASAKI1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 109-114
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe metabolism of carbon skeletons of the dietary amino acids was investigated in chicks force-fed with a diet either adequate(1.0% of diet) or deficient(0.5% of diet) in arginine for 14 days. The amount of diets given to chicks was equal to that consumed by the arginine-adequate diet ad libitum-fed groups on the previous day. One of L-arginine, L-glutamic acid and L-amino acid mixture uniformly labeled with 14C was given by intubation to each chick of the arginine-adequate or -deficient group with respective diets on 22 days of age. Arginine deficiency decreased body weight gain and body protein deposition but increased body fat deposition. The recoveries of 14C in all the fractions studied except for the soluble fraction of the body and excreta varied with the 14C labeled amino acids. The expired 14CO2 production and the incorporation of 14C into the body protein from 14C amino acids were unaffected by arginine deficiency. The incorporation of 14C into the liver protein from 14C amino acids increased in the arginine-deficient chicks. Arginine deficiency increased the recovery percentage of 14C in the body lipid from 14C-amino acids which accounted for less than only 7% of 14C administered. The incorporation of 14C into the liver lipid from 14C amino acids increased but not significantly in the arginine-deficient chicks. The results indicate that arginine deficiency does not affect the efficiency of the utilization for protein synthesis of amino acids given orally, but increased the conversion of dietary amino acids into the body lipid, which cannot be the major mechanism for the increased deposition of body fat in chicks force-fed the arginine-deficient diet.View full abstractDownload PDF (473K) -
Tsunenori IRIKI, Yasuo KAWAUCHI, Matanobu ABE1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 115-119
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince it is known that pH inside the upper small intestine of ruminants is lower than that of monogastric animals, in vitro digestion studies with pepsin and pancreatin were done using rumen bacterial fraction, protozoal fraction and casein as a substrate to examine the effect of varying pH of the buffer medium containing pancreatin at five levels of 8.0, 7.7, 7.0, 6.5 and 5.6 on the digestion of each protein. The digestibility of casein and bacterial protein was decreased significantly(p<0.05 or p<0.01) by rendering pH lower than 7.0, but no significant decrease was observed in that of protozoal protein. Depression of pH also caused a decrease in the proportion of α-amino-N and free amino acids to the sulfosalicylic acid-soluble fraction after the pepsin-pancreatin digestion of casein and protozoal protein, but the effect was relatively less for bacterial protein. Composition of free amino acids released after the in vitro digestion of proteins was hardly influenced not only by that of their constitutional amino acids but also by pH.View full abstractDownload PDF (303K) -
Yoshiyuki SASAKI, Yoji ITOH, Mitsuru TAKASAKI1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 120-125
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSApplying for different sire evaluation methods to the same set of field data, the methods were compared: Contemporary comparison, regressed least quares, best linear unbiased prediction without(BLUP-I) and relationships among sires considered(BLUP-A). Data were composed of 2, 673 progeny of 28 Japanese lack sires in Oita prefecture and of 5, 265 progeny of 70 Japanese Black sires in Kagoshima prefecture. Average coefficients of relationship among the sires were 0.069 and 0.093 in Oita and in Kagoshima, respectively. The progeny steers were fattened on private farms and slaughtered at approx. 600 kg live weight(600-1, 000 days of age). The traits used were daily gain on feedlot, final weight, carcass weight, and marbling score. Sire estimates were similar among the four methods as evidenced by the fact that even the lowest rank correlation was 0.935. Nevertheless, differences in sire ranks were marked for some specific sires. We found that more than 10% of the sires could be wrongly ranked using the methods other than the BLUP-A. As the nclusion, the BLUP-A is recommended for sire evaluation using field records of the Japanese Black.View full abstractDownload PDF (420K) -
Junjiro SEKINE, Shigeru MORITA, Toshio MOROOKA, Seiji KONDO, Masahiko ...1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 126-130
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo study the efficiency of energy utilization by growing calves on realimentation after fasting, two energy balance trials were conducted at a feeding level of 70g dry-matter/kg0.75/day using eight Holstein castrated male calves, The first trial was carried out two weeks after the beginning of alimentation and the second five weeks after the beginning of realimentation. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Means of daily gain were 0.41 and 0.58 kg for the first and the second trials, respectively. There was no significant difference in daily gains between the first and second trials. 2. Digestibility and metabolizability of energy appeared to be lower in the first trial, but without statistical significance. Metabolizability of energy was about 0.6 for both trials. 3. Net efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for growth(kg) tended to be lower in the first trial than in the second, although no statistical significance was found. Pooled kg for both trials resulted in 0.446. Metabolizable energy for maintenance(MEm) was calculated to be 528 kJ/kg0.75/day. 4. Considering the variations in individual ability of rehabilitation after fasting, it is advisable to resume calves five weeks after the beginning of realimentation after fasting. 5. Net efficiency of utilization of MEm(km) was estimated using the results btained in the present study and fasting metabolism reported elsewhere. The estimate was found to be comparable to the measured one reported elsewhere. The method suggested the possibility for estimation of MEm and km using fasting metabolism and results obtained by balance trials carried out above the maintenance level.View full abstractDownload PDF (343K) -
1. Double Immunodiffusion AnalysesKazuyoshi HIRAO, Junichi IIZUKA, Bin OBATA1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 131-138
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTestes were removed immediately post mortem from 20 almost sexually matured Landrace boars. Spermatozoa and fluids were collected with a cannula from the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. Semen samples from a mature Landrace boar aged 2.0 years were also subjected to study. Using five rabbit anti-boar sperm sera, the antigenicity of spermatozoa and fluids from the epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculates were examined by double mmunodiffusion analyses including an absorption test. Three specific proteins represented by precipitin lines were detected in sperm antigen. Of these, one antigenic component was common to sperm from epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculates. It is suggested that this antigen was sperm coating antigen of testicular or caput epididymal origin. Another antigenic component revealed in the caput was not detected in spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis, vas deferens or ejaculates. Such antigenic changes of spermatozoa seemed to be functionally related to the maturation of boar spermatozoa in the corpus epididymidis. Six specific proteins represented by precipitin lines were found in fluids and seminal antigens with the five sperm antisera. Two antigenic components could not be detected in epididymal and vas deferens fluids, being present only in seminal plasma against sperm antisera. No precipitin lines occurred as a result of spur reaction for epididymal, vas deferens and ejaculated sperm antigens, the majority of the lines being due to coalescence or partial identity. Conversly, no coalescence lines were detected for fluids and seminal plasma antigens, which showed spur reaction or partial identity, thus confirming that ejaculated spermatozoa are coated in part with antigens probably contributed by the vas deferens or male accessory glands.View full abstractDownload PDF (838K) -
2. Immunoelectrophoretic AnalysesKazuyoshi HIRAO, Junichi IIZUKA, KAZUTO Otake1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 139-148
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSImmunoelectrophoretic analyses were performed to clarify the modification of protein in spermatozoa and fluids obtained from boar epididymides, vasa deferentia and ejaculates, and to characterize the antigen against those of five sperm antisera. Antisera were produced from caput, corpus and cauda epididymal, vas deferens and ejaculated spermatozoa. Nine main precipitin lines were generally detected in all of the sperm and fluid antigens. The numbers of precipitins in fluid and seminal plasma antigens were fewer than those in sperm antigens; one to four in sperm antigens and one to two in fluid and seminal plasma antigens against the five sperm antisera, respectively. The two antigens which were revealed at the anode electrode on the gel plate for caput epididymal spermatozoa, were considered to be testicular in origin or secreted by the caput epididymidis. Another single sperm antigen detected at the cathode electrode was common to each of the sperm antigens in accordance with the antigen revealed by double-diffusion analyses. A specific antigen in the corpus epididymal fluid was implied to be different from spermatozoa in the caput epididymidis, since its specific precipitin was present in the corpus epididymal fluid after absorption of caput epididymal sperm antisera with corpus epididymal fluid antigen. The three fluid antigens, the corpus and cauda epididymal fluids and seminal plasma, were different proteins from those of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. It is therefore suggested that spermatozoa acquire new protein antigens in the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens, although the immunological relationships among other sperm and fluid antigens were difficult to clarify. The two specific antigens were detected only in seminal plasma with ejaculated spermatozoa.View full abstractDownload PDF (1330K) -
Hitoshi MIKAMI, Akira ONISHI, Tsuneo ABE1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 149-156
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the association between heterozygosity at 13 marker loci detectable by electrophoresis and litter size in the first backcross, (C 57 BL×C 3 H)×C 3 H, and second backcross, (F1×C 3 H)×C 3 H and (F1×C 57 BL)×C 3 H, populations. There was a significant positive relationship between marker heterozygosity and litter size in the first backcross females. In contrast, the relationship was not significant in either population of the second backcross. Differences of litter size between heterozygotes and homozygotes at individual marker loci were not significant except for Gpd-1 in the(F1×C 57 BL)×C 3 H females. However, the difference calculated by subtracting the mean value of the homozygotes from that of the heterozygotes was positive at 11 of the 13 loci in the first backcross population, while it was positive at only seven and five loci in the second backcross populations. These results suggest that the positive association may be caused by a cumulative heterotic effect of the marked chromosomal segments, which could not be detected by marker heterozygosity in the repeated backcross populations due to decrease of linkage disequilibrium.View full abstractDownload PDF (451K) -
H. SUGAWARA, T. ITOH, S. ADACHI1986 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 157-159
Published: February 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (175K)
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