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Volume 58, Issue 10
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Youichi INNO, Tadayoshi ONO1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 813-816
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA procedure for the quantitative analysis of Vitamin A (retinol) in feed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established.The system separated retinol in 20 min using a LiChrosorb SI-100 column with a mobile phase of n-hexane/dichloromethane/ethanol=90/9/1 at 1.5 ml/min.The detection was carried out with a fluorescence spectrophotometer set at 340 nm for excitation and at 460 nm for emission. Anthracene was found to be useful as a standard substance in this system.The minimum detectable amount was 20 μg/kg.The HPLC assay showed a recovery of 99±2% for added retinol.Retinol content has 378 μg/kg in dairy feed, 1330-2560 μg/kg in swine feed and 872-2570 μg/kg in chick feed, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (418K) -
Tadahiko HOSHINO, Sawao NIITSUMA, Hideo TAMATE1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 817-826
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe structure of muscle bundles in the cattle was studied histologically for thepurpose of evaluation of meat quality.Five Japanese Black (310 kg in average dressed-weights) and three Japanese Shorthorn steers (370 kg in average dressed-weights) were used. One hundred of samples were prepared from 88 kinds of muscles of cooled carcasses. The samples were fixed in Ca-formalin. Cross and longitudinal sections were cut from paraffin-embedded samples. Average area of muscle fibers in sections was measured by the Texture Analysis (TAS plus: Leitz Co.).It was observed that the size of the muscle fibers was larger in the big muscles than in the small muscles. The size of the muscle fibers was large in the muscle of standard muscle group 1.The primary muscle bundles were present as the structural unit of the secondary muscle bundles.In the center portion of the secondary muscle bundles, arterioles and venules were supplied from the blood vessels running between secondary muscle bundles. The vessele run longitudinally for 2 mm to 5 mm through the center of the secondary muscle bundles. Adipose tissues were formed around the vessels within the secondary muscle bundles. The structure of the secondary muscle bundles, particularly in the muscles with larger muscle fibers, was observed in the two breeds.The findings suggest that the intrinsic supply of blood vessels within muscle bundles results in the formation of adipose tissue of cattle muscle.View full abstractDownload PDF (5855K) -
Assessment of the Loss in Milk Yield due to Subclinical Mastitis tested with Electrical ConductivityMasaharu OSHIMA, Tatsuyuki YOSHIDA, Kohei KOYAMA1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 827-832
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of subclinical mastitis on milk yield were studied by analyzing data on quarter-milk yields and data on mastitis tests.Six cows were milked for the experiment twice a month by using a separate quarter-milker for 4-6 months.The quarter difference of electrical conductivity (QdEC) or of the concentration of chloride (QdCI) was used as a criterion for subclinical mastitis, in place of the conventional cell count. The QdEC value of each quarter milk is the difference in conductivity between the lowest among 4 quarter-milks from an udder and that of the other quarters in an udder.The degree of subclinical mastitis of a quarter was expressed by the mean value of the QdECs. A decrease in milk yield in a quarter was expressed by the quarter-milk yield ratio, (R, %).This is the ratio of a sum of actual milk yield from an affected quarter to a presumed sum of milk yield which would be produced from this quarter if the quarter were healthy.The ratio R was calculated according to the following procedure on the basis of assumptions as described below.Each milk yield obtained by a series of milkings from a quarter was expressed as a percentage of the yield at the first milking time for that quarter.These milk yields in percent are denoted as the relative quarter-milk yield, (relative yield, yi).When the quarters in an udder are healthy, the relative yield of each quarter in an udder should change coincidentally from one milking to the next, notwithstanding that milk yields in weight differ or that yields diminish gradually, and the sum of the relative yields (%) for each quarter (Σyi) is assumed to be equal in an udder.Therefore, when a cow has at least one healthy quarter in an udder, its sum of the relative yield should represent the sum of all of the other quarters when they were healthy.Then, the quarter-milk yield ratio, R (%), which assesses the loss due to subclinical mastitis over a few months'period for a quarter, is calculated as a percentage of the sum of relative yield for a quarter (Σyi) to the sum for the healthy quarter in anudder (Σyn).The healthy quarter was chosen by comparing the mean of the QdEC for 4 quarters in an udder and the quarter with the lowest mean was selected as healthy.We found a negative, highly significant correlation between the mean of QdEC and the ratio R for 24 quarters in 6 cows;the correlation coefficient, r=-0.72, (P<0.001).The relationship expressed by a linear regression equation was;
y=-(2.556±0.531) x+99.724, where x is the mean of the QdEC (10-4S), and y is R (%) for a quarter.
From the equation it was assessed that a 2.6% reduction in milk yield occurs for every 1×10-4S increase in the mean of QdEC in the affected quarters.A similar relationship was found between the quarter difference of chloride (mM) and the ratio R (%).The correlation coefficient was;r=-0.75.In this paper, we discussed an example in an assessment on the milk loss in a herd, where frequency distribution of the mean of the QdEC for all quarters of the cows in a herd was known.View full abstractDownload PDF (778K) -
Shuji SHINCHI, Matanobu ABE1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 833-838
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRumen ciliate protozoa are roughly grouped into holotrichs and entodiniomorphs, and it has been assumed that the formar decompose both soluble and insoluble casein but that the latter decompose only insoluble casein.However, it was recently shown that entodiniomorphid protozoa produce extra-cellular proteolytic enzymes and that soluble casein is decomposed by these enzymes.This experiment was conducted in order to re-examine the decomposition of soluble casein by entodiniomorphid and holotrich protozoa.One Holstein cow (5 years-old and weighing about 600 kg) fitted with a rumen fistula was fed daily with a ration consisting of 3 kg of rice straw and 4 kg of concentrate (commercial formula feed, CP 13.5%) and given water adlibitum.Rumen ciliate protozoa were separated into two groups of holotrichs and entodiniomorphs by settling and centrifugation of rumen liquid which was taken through the fistula 1 hour after feeding. Both ciliate groups were suspended in a salt buffer solution. These protozoa suspensions and their sonicated solutions were incubated with or without soluble casein at 39°C, and non protein nitrogen (NPN) in the incubation mediums was measured.The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) When holotrich protozoa suspension was in cubated with soluble casein, NPN in the medium increased very little within 2 hours. 2) The entodiniomorphid protozoa suspension decomposed soluble casein immedi ately after the start of incubation. 3) The decomposition of soluble casein by holotrich protozoa was evidently detected after 5 hours of incubation. 4) Sonicated preparations of both entodiniomorphid and holotrich protozoa decomposed soluble casein. 5) Decomposition of soluble casein by entodiniomorphid protozoa decreased markedly via starvation for 20 hours, but there was little change in the case of holotrich protozoa. 6) These results suggest that holotrich protozoa would store temporarily soluble casein within their bodies and then decompose it slowly.View full abstractDownload PDF (868K) -
Masakazu ONODERA, Yumi SHIODA, Tomohiro KONO, Yukio TSUNODA1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 839-844
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was undertaken to determine whether a commercial tissue culture medium GIT can be applied for mouse and rabbit embryo culture media and freezing medium of mouse embryos.From the results obtained, it was suggested that GIT might be useful for rabbit embryo culture medium but not for mouse, and the application of GIT for embryo freezing medium might be possible in the mouse.View full abstractDownload PDF (996K) -
Sueo NIIMURA, Masayuki OKAZAKI, Kazuo ISHIDA1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 845-849
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe activity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in preimplantation mouse embryos was histochemically investigated using prostaglandin (PG) E2as a substrate, and the metabolism of PGE2in preimplantation embryos was discussed.The embryos of superovulated ICR mice were collected by flushing oviducts or uteri at the following times;24 hrs after hCG injection for pronuclear embryos, 48 hrs for 2-cell embryos, 60 hrs for 4-cell embryos, 67 hrs for 8-cell embryos, 80 hrs for morulae, 96 hrs for early blastocysts and 108 hrs for late blastocysts.Unfertilized eggs also were collected from the oviducts of unmated females at 24 hrs after hCG injection. Histochemical detection of PGDH was carried out by immersion of the embryos in a medium composed of 0.3 mM of PGE2, 0.75 mM of NAD, 0.075 mM of nitro-BT, and 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 8.0.The activity of PGDH was weak to moderate in the eggs at the unfertilized and pronuclear stages, weak in those at the 2-cell to morula stages, slight to weak in those at the early blastocyst stage and non-existant in those at the late blastocyst stage.When positive, diformazan granules showing PGDH activity were spread evenly throughout the cytoplasm of the eggs at the unfertilized to morula stages.Early blastocysts also presented such granules spread evenly throughout the cytoplasm of trophoblast cells and inner-cell-mass cells. The results obtained from the present experiment show that the metabolism of PGE2is present in mouse embryos at the stages of unfertilized 1-cell through early blastocyst, but is absent in those at the late blastocyst stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (2216K) -
Masahiro NUMATA, Takahiro FUKE, Sayuri HASHIMOTO, Toyoo NAKAMURA1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 850-858
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCommercial meat products were classified into five groups followingas, 1).uncooked meat products (group A), 2). sliced cooked meat products packed in vacuo after cooking (group B), 3). cooked meat products pillow-packed after cooking (group C), 4).cooked meat products packed in vacuo after cooking (group D) and 5). meat products cooked after packing (group E).And they were studied to determine the viable counts and microbial flora at various stage after processing or packing date.The inhibitory effect of nitrite and sorbate on lactobacilli and streptococci isolated from group B, C and D were examined by incubation at 2, 5, 10, 15 and 25°C in a model medium.
The results obtained can be summerized as follows.
1.The viable counts of group A purchased within a week after packing were found to be about 105per gram, but no significant increase of viable counts was observed until seven weeks after packing.The viable counts of groups B and Dincreased in the same way with stage after packing, and it was found that the viable counts of group B tended to be one order higher than those of group D. The rate of increase in the viable counts of group C was the highest and counts were found to be 107per gram at three weeks after packing.Scarcely viable counts detected from group E was ob-served.
2.The predominant genera of groups A, C and E were Streptococcus, LactobacillusandBacillus, respectively, and no change of these flora with stage after packing was ob-served.On the other hand, the detection ration ofLactobacillusandStreptococcusisolated from group B and D, respectively was inclined to increase with stage after packing.
3.Lactobacillus farciminis and L.coryniformisisolated from group C, L.caseifrom group B and Streptococcus faecalis from group D grew at 5°C andS.faeciumfrom group D did at 2°C in the model medium.No inhibitory effect of nitrite and sorbate on lactobacilli was observed, regardless of the temperature of incubation. However, the growth of streptococci were inhibited by using nitrite and sorbate together, and their effect became more evident with lowering of incubation temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (952K) -
Takayasu KAMI, Katsuji SHIGA, Kazuhiko OHSAKI1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 859-863
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the qualitative disposition and the quantitative distribution of the aromatic constituents in forage, which seem to participate in the formation of the flavor of cow's milk, the volatile constituents of corn silage were analyzed via a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and an FID-gas chromatograph (FID-GC).The area percentage of each compound in the volatile constituents and the parts per billion (ppb) concentration of each compound in the corn silage were also calculated on a data processor for FID-GC using n-heneicosane as the internal standard.As a result, 34 compounds were identified from the volatile constituents of corn silage;their area percentages and ppb values summed up to 92.5 and 20528, respectively.The volatile constituents of corn silage were rich in acids, esters, and alcohols, and among them acetic acid was the major constituent.All the compounds identified are considered to contribute to the characteristic sweet-sour odor of this corn silage.View full abstractDownload PDF (600K) -
Junjiro SEKINE, Shigeru MORITA, Toshio MOROOKA, Masahiko OKUBO, Yasush ...1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 864-870
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBalances of energy and dietary nutrients were determined in20 Holstein castrated male calves, at the ages of9, 13and17weeks, to study the efficiency of the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen (N), and to estimate the amounts of energy supplied by the nutrients for growing calves weighing less than100kg.Balance trials were carried out at9, 13 and 17weeks of age using2levels of feeding (twice and1.5times of maintanance).The following results were obtained: 1) There were no systematic trends in the coefficients of digestibility for N, residual organic matter, calculated by sutracting crude protein from organic matter (ROM) and gross energy (GE), with the age of calves and level of feeding.There were no trends for the metabolizability of GE either.2) The efficiency of utilization of ME for growing calves was calculated via the following regression equation;Energy retention (ER, kJ/kg0.75) =0.6 (±0.04) ME-244.3) The regression of N retention (Nr, g/kg0.75) on ER (MJ/kg0.75) was as follows;Nr=1.83 (±0.20) ER+0.375.4) The results of multiple regression analyses of energy supply on dietary and digestible nutrients showed that ROM decreasingly contributed to each energy partition, while N constantly contributed to it.5) The intakes of either ROM and N or digestible ROM and N were concluded to allow us to estimate the supply of digestible and metabolizable energy with high accuracy.View full abstractDownload PDF (720K) -
Hajime MIYAMOTO, Takehiko ISHIBASHI, Sakae NAKANO1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 871-878
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe histochemical activities of NADP-dependent glucose-6-phosphate (G6PDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDH) were studied in the ovary of the crossbred of pig×wild boar. A strongG6PDH activity was present in the theca interna of follicles and a moderate activity in the granulosa cells throughout the estrous cycle and at prepuberty.With the development of follicles to size over 5mm at proestrus and estrus, the activities in both theca interna and granulosa cells became more pronounced.The corpus luteum exhibited a very strongG6-PDH activity, followed by a marked decrease in the corpus albicans. A weak ICDH activity was observed in the theca interna and a weak to moderate activity in the granulosa cells.A weak ICDH activity was also present in the corpus luteum. A strongG6 PDH activity was present in the interstitial tissue and a weak activity in the surface epithelium, with markedly less reaction of ICDH when compared with that ofG6PDH. The distribution and intensity of G 6PDH and ICDH in the ovary of this animal resembled to some extent those of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.The present histochemical results, therefore, seem to suggest that the ovary of this animal utilizes NADPH produced by G6-PDH and ICDH for steroid synthesis and also suggest that the corpus luteum is likely to play an essential role in progesterone synthesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (3655K) -
Kenji TSUNODA, Tatsuro SHIMAOKA, Kouichi DOUGE1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 879-885
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn investigation was undertaken on the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) types and the levels of hypoxanthine·xanthine (Hx·x), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the red cells of Finnish Landrace sheep.Hx·x levels in the red cells of Hb A sheep were significantly lower than those of Hb B sheep (P<0.05). Hx·x levels decreased in the order of Hb B, Hb AB and Hb A, though no significant differences were noted between types Hb A and Hb AB or between types Hb B and Hb AB. Red cell Hx·x levels had no correlation with plasma Hx·x levels, which did not show any significant difference among Hb types.ATP levels in the red cells of Hb A and Hb AB sheep were significantly lower than those of Hb B sheep (P<0.01). But the ATP levels of Hb A sheep were essencially the same as those of Hb AB sheep. The ATP values in Hb types were in the order of Hb A=Hb AB<Hb B. With respect to the red cell LDH, differences in the electrophoretic pattern of LDH isozymes among Hb types could not be detected.In the enzymic activity, that of Hb A sheep was significantly higher than those of Hb B and Hb AB sheep (P<0.01).But Hb AB sheep did not differ significantly with Hb B sheep.This activity was in the order of Hb A>Hb AB=Hb B.Also, the LDH activity had negative correlation with ATP values (r=-0.461, P<0.01).View full abstractDownload PDF (906K) -
Akiyoshi HOSONO, Hiroshi SUZUKI, Hajime OTANI1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 886-892
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe potential for mutagen formation in dry cured pork by heat treatment was examined via a Salmonella mutagenicity assay using a streptomycin-dependent mutant SD 510 of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Minced fresh pork containing 10% fat was dry-cured with either formula-A or formula-B at 4°C for 3 days. While formula-A contained spices such as nutmeg, ginger, mace, cinnamon and white pepper, formula-B contained no spices. The dry-cured pork was heated at a temperature of between 50°C and 175°C for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min, respectively. When the pork was cured with formula-A, all the ethanol extracts of the heat-treated pork samples gave highly positive mutagenic responses. In particular, higher mutagenicities were observed when heating longer than 60 min at any given temperature. The mutagenicity levels were reduced by decreasing temperature and/or time. Addition of a -tocopherol (2%per 100g of pork) to formula-A was found to be effective in reducing the mutagenicity. On the other hand, a sharp reduction of the mutagenicity was observed when the pork cured with formula-B was heated under the same conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1694K) -
K. USHIDA, T. KANEKO, Y. KOJIMA1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 893-902
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn vitro cultures of rumen fluid taken from defaunated (period-DF), Entodinium spp.-inoculated (period-E), and Entodinium spp., Diploplastron affine and Polyplastron multivesiculatum-inoculated (period-EDP) sheep rumen were used to determine the effect of presence or absence of protozoa on the digestibility of cellulose and xylan.Digestibilities of cellulose during48h incubation in period-DF, -E, and-EDP were respectively0.524, 0.709and0.739. Those of xylan were respectively0.431, 0.466and0.598.Stimulation of cellulolytic bacteria by the presence of protozoa was shown to be responsible for higher cellulolysis and engulfement and digestion of fine xylan particles by two large entodiniomorphid protozoa would improve xylanolysis.Propionate and butyrate production from cellulose were significantly increased by the inoculation of Entodinium spp.(period-E) and further increase was observed in the period-EDP. While acetate production did not show any notable change.Cellulose carbon recoveries into the fermentation end products was lowest in the period-DF, suggesting higher synthetic efficiency in the defaunated sheep rumen. Bacterial number reduced from18.8to5-7 (×109/ml) by the inoculation of protozoa. Gram negative strains decreased while gram positive strains maintained their numbers.Frequency of Entodinium spp. was modified after inoculation of D.qffine and P. multivesiculatum;larger species decreased and smaller species increased.View full abstractDownload PDF (379K) -
Toshio TANAKA, Tadashi YOSHIMOTO1987 Volume 58 Issue 10 Pages 903-905
Published: October 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (115K)
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