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Volume 58, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Shin HASEGAWA1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 91-100
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1791K) -
Hiroshi KAJIKAWA, Fuminori TERADA, Ryouei TANO, Kazuo IWASAKI, Minoru ...1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 101-106
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSix Holstein steers, with an average body weight of 204 kg, were assigned to three diets containing 0 (control), 30 and 60% steamed birch (Betula platyphylla uar japonica; treated at 180°C for 20 min and fiberized). The trial was designed for two periods of 18 and 13 weeks. Daily dry matter intake and ratios to body weight were 8.59, 2.55%; 9.94, 2.82% and 10.21 kg, 2.61%, respectively, for diets containing 0, 30 and 60% steamed birch. A growth curve, produced by plotting body weight against age, changed linearly for each steer; daily gains were 1.23, 1.34 and 1.32 kg for diets containing 0, 30 and 60% steamed birch respectively. There was no significant difference in feed intake/gain among the three diets. There were no significant differences in pH, VFA concentration, VFA molar proportion and total protozoa count in rumen fluid among the three diets. The proportion of acetic acid in rumen fluid was about 70% for each diet. The presentexperiment indicates that steamed birch can be used as an energy source in the diets of steers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1076K) -
Kei KATAOKA, Toshitaka NAKAE, Mituo UENO, Kazutaka NUKADA, Keisuke OTA ...1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 107-115
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to accelerate cheese ripening, four different microbial proteases were added in hard cheese at 5×10-3, 5×10-2 and 5×10-1 Anson units /kg curd during manufacturing.After ripening under different conditions, the distribution of nitrogen compounds and effects of lactic acid bacterial dried-cells on it were investigated.The production of free fatty acid via lipase addition was also studied.The results obtained were as follows; 1) Protease-added cheeses showed a more crumbly texture by exuding more free whey than the control cheese. 2) The ripening period of cheeses containing 5× 10-3 unit of protease /kg shortened by 50-70% compared with the control cheese, depending on the source of protease.3) Generally, protease-added cheeses contained more 12% TCA soluble-N than control cheere, and this tendency rose with increasing protease levels.However, the ratios of amino-N to 12% TCA soluble-N in proteaseadded cheeses were less. 4) The ratios of 12% TCA soluble-N, amino-N and ammonia-N to water soluble-N increased by the addition of Lactobacillus helveticus cells at 20 and 200 mg per/kg to protease-added cheeses.5) The addition of lipase at 0.5 mg /kg to cheeses increased free fatty acid content by about 30%, without generation of any noticeable rancid flavor.6) Generally, protease-added cheese exhibited an off-flavor and bitterness.The bitterness of cheeses containing higher protease levels was stronger, although that of cheeses containing protease 5×10-3 units /kg was weak.The addition of lactic acid bacterial cells weakened bitterness further.View full abstractDownload PDF (1321K) -
Motohiko ISHIDA, Kenji FUKUI, Shinichiro NAGAO, Akira MIYAZAKI, Ryoji ...1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 116-122
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigations were conducted using sheep to compare the chemical composition and nutritive value of faeces from cattle fed various kinds of rations. Four cattle faeces samples were collected and dried at 60-90°C. The faeces were collected from breeding cows (Japanese Black cattle), two groups of fattening steers (Holstein) and lactating dairy cows (Holstein). The amount of rations fed to the cattle (per day per head) were as follows: 1) the breeding cow was fed 20 kg corn-sorghum soilage and 1 kg wheat bran, 2) steer A was fed 1 kg of rice straw and a 9 kg concentrates diet, 3) steer B was fed rice straw ad libitum and an 8 kg concentrates diet, and 4) the dairy cow was fed a 24 kg roughage diet consisting of Italian ryegrass silage, brewer's grain, rice straw, etc., and an 8 kg concentrates diet. The chemical composition of the cattle faeces was determined by an enzymatic analysis. Digestible crude protein (DCP) and Cell content, total digestible nutrients (TDN) content, digestibility of Cellular Content (CC) Wall (CW) were determined via digestion trials with sheep. Steer faeces contained more CC, “crude protein in CC” and starch than did breeding cow faeces and dairy cow faeces. The lignin contents of CW in steer faeces and dairy cow faeces were lower than those in breeding cow faeces. DCP contents (DM%) in steer A faeces, steer B faeces, dairy cow faeces and breeding cow faeces were 7.6, 6.8, 5.8 and 3.1, respectively. TDN contents (DM%) in steer A faeces, steer B faeces, dairy cow faeces and breeding cow faeces were 51.2, 40.2, 37.9 and 17.7, respectively. The digestibility data suggests that CC in cattle faeces had complete availability, and that crude protein (CP) in content faeces was divided into two fractions by enzymatic analysis, that is, the digestibility of “CP in CC” was high and that of “CP in CW” was very low. Also, the availability of CW was variable among cattle faeces samples. It was concluded the nutritive value of cattle faeces depended on the composition of feed ingredients and feed intake levels of the cattle.View full abstractDownload PDF (1257K) -
Yuji YOSHIKO, Seiji KUSUHARA, Kazuo ISHIDA1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 123-130
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSamples of medullary bone from the femur of hens producing soft-shelled eggs were histologically examined during the period when an egg was present in the uterus (shell gland) of the oviduct. They were compared with similar samples from hens producing hard-shelled eggs. The medullary bone was recognized more in the bone marrow cavity of hens producing soft-shelled eggs than in that of hens producing hard-shelled eggs. The bone consists of thickened trabeculae and irregular lamellae. Some of the lacunae embedded in the bone matrix have become enlarged and vacuolated. Histological and contact microradiographical observations have shown that the medullary bone matrix in hens producing soft-shelled eggs calcificates to a high degree and that it contains abundant collagen fibers and a little acid mucopolysaccharide, as compared with that of hens producing hard-shelled eggs. On the surface of the medullary bone in hens producing soft-shelled eggs, osteoclasts were very few and strikingly atrophic. Enzyme histochemically speaking, these osteoclasts showed weak acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities. These findings indicate that the calcium release of osteoclasts from the medullary bone for egg-shell formation does not take place in hens producing soft-shelled eggs.View full abstractDownload PDF (1860K) -
Fuminori TERADA, Ryoe TANO, Kazuo IWASAKI, Teikichi HARYU1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 131-137
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were conducted to determine the differences in nutritive values among cattle, sheep and goats fed the same diets. In Exp. 1, animals were fed three low protein diets (5-8% crude protein in dry matter) which consisted of rice straw wafer and some nitrogen supplements. In Exp. 2, animals were fed three diets consisting of hay wafer and concentrate (the ratio of roughage to concentrate, 100: 0, 70: 30 and 30: 70, respectively). Digestion trials were conducted by the total collection method.
1) The digestibility of crude protein (CP) for cattle showed a lower value than that for sheep or goats in Exp. 1 and 2. Differences in digestibility existed for crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extracts (NFE) between cattle, goats and sheep in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, CF and NFE digestibilities for cattle showed higher values than those for sheep and goats.
2) The differences in TDN content were 2-5% between cattle and sheep in Exp. 1 and 1-2 % among cattle, sheep and goats in Exp. 2.
3) Nitrogen excretion in faeces for cattle was higher than that for sheep and goats. Conversely, N excretion in urine for cattle was lower than that for sheep and goats.
4) These results suggest that, species differences reflect differences in digestibilities and nutritive values. The large differences in TDN content between cattle and sheep were found particularly in low protein diets. However, when sheep were fed diets containing more than 10% CP, TDN content rose to the same level as that for cattle. Therefore when the digestibility of rations for cattle was determined via experimentation with sheep, more than 10% CP content was necessary in the diets.View full abstractDownload PDF (1159K) -
(2) Validity Check of the ModelHiroyuki HIROOKA, Yukio YAMADA1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 138-146
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simulation model developped by Hirooka and Yamada (1985) to predict growth, whole body and carcass compositions of beef steer from the information on feed quality and quantity as well as genetic size of the breed has been evaluated.(1) Time series observations for growth and feed intake of Japanese Black steers, based on 15 fattening experiments with various feeding conditions, were compared with simulated output obtained from the model. Discrepancies between actual and simulated values for body weight change were small, although simulated values tended to be slightly less than actual ones. The overall average of simulated daily gain was about 5% less than the actual gain.(2) To test the generality of our model, expected daily gain described in the Japanese Feeding Standard for Japanese Black and Holstein steers was compared with simulated daily gain under 3 levels of metabolizability and ME intake which was required to obtain the expected daily gain in the Japanese Feeding Standard.Expected daily gain in the Feeding Standard was within the range of simulated daily gain obtaind from high and low levels of metabolizability.(3) Carcass composition was compared with carcass data of 35 Japanese Black and 22 Holstein steers. In Japanese Black, simulated values for muscle and fat weight agreed fairly well with actual values, but they were overestimated for bone weight. This overestimation may be due to the fact that genetic size of the breed was not taken into account for estimating ash weight. Indeed, by considering Japanese Black as a small-size breed, simulated values for ash weight were reduced by 10% according to the literature values, and then, not only bone weight but also all carcass tissue weights agreed well with actual values. In the medium-size Holstein, simulated values for all carcass tissue weights agreed with the actual values without any adjustment. In conclusion, this simulation model appears to be quite adequate not only for Japanese conditions but also appricable to a variety of breeds and feeding conditions which might be encountered in other countries, because the model took the genetic size of breeds and various feeding conditions into its account.View full abstractDownload PDF (1289K) -
Toshihiko KAMADA, Iwao NOTSUKI1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 147-154
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHeat loss from 6 male castrated pigs in response to air temperature (12-33°C), air humidity (40 and 70%) and air movement (still air and 1.3 m/s air flow) was studied. Heat production, water evaporation from the respiratory tract (RWE) and skin surface (SWE), heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature were measured for each of these 3 factors of the environment. Heat loss was not significantly effected by environmental condition. RWE and SWE increased with temperature, the increase in RWE being greater. RWE and SWE was significantly lower by the effects of air movement at high temperature. Total water evaporation (TWE: g/kg0.75·Ehr) was estimated from the following equations (X=°C).
In still air
Y=-4.0865+0.9729X-0.0482 X2+0.009 X3 (R2=0.837)
At an air flow rate of 1.3 m/s
Y=-15.0278+2.2850 X-0.1000 X2+0.016 X3 (R2=0.734)
The ratio of RWE to TWE was about 50% at 12°C and 65-75% at 33°C. The ratio of latent heat loss to total heat loss increased from 15% at 12°C to 30-50% at 33°C, and the ratio was high when there was air movement. The results obtained for heat production and water evaporation were consistent with those for heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature. The modes of heat loss from the pig were concluded to vary with air temperature and movement; the effects of air movement were clear at high temperature. Air movement was found to accelerate sensible heat loss and the need for heat loss as latent heat became less at high temperature. Latent heat loss was little influenced by air humidity.View full abstractDownload PDF (973K) -
Shin-ichi KAMATA, Kenichi KOMINE, Norihide KAKI-ICHI, Shigeru KOBAYASH ...1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 155-161
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSQuantification of vitamin B12 production in anaerobic fermentation of feces from swine was carried out by a bioassay techniqe using mutant E.coli 215 strain (requirement strain of Methionine and Vitamin B12).The concentration of vitamin B12 in the anaerobic fermentation sludge increased with an increase in the sludge volume, and a close correlation between them was found (r=0.97, p<0.001).The BOD removal and the vitamin B12 production were also very closely correlated in each experimental section, as the vitamin B12 production increased with a decrease in the BOD removal.Bioassay using mutant E. coli 215 gave satisfactory results in quantitative estimation of vitamin B12 production.View full abstractDownload PDF (832K) -
Tsutomu FUJIHARA, Yukishige SASA, Yutaka ISSHIKI1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 162-169
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present experiment, spontaneously occurring acute calf diarrhoea on three farms where 100-400 cattle were always kept for fattening was treated with an oral administration of glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution (GGES). The conditions of recovery from diarrhoea in the calves are discussed and compared with those of other treatments. As a whole, most diarrhoeic calves (94%), under various clinical conditions, recovered with the oral GGES administration, and it appeared that the higher the dehydration via diarrhoea, the more frequent the dose and the amount of GGES, and the longer the days required for recovery. In was also suggested that the recovery from illness was smoother and faster than that in treatment with antibiotics. The results virtually confirmed that an oral administration of GGES provided by us has a markedly positive effect on the treatment of spontaneous acute diarrhoea in neonatal calves.View full abstractDownload PDF (1150K) -
Effects of Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Oils on the In Vitro Foam Stability of Rumen Fluid in SheepTomoya USAGAWA, Ryoji KAWASHIMA1987 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 170-173
Published: February 25, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn most cases, feedlot bloat is caused by the development of stable foam in the contents of the rumen. Therefore, it is effective to control stable foam formation for the prevention and treatment of feedlot bloat. Animal, vegetable and mineral oils, and several surfactants have been used as anti-foaming agents. This study was conducted to determine the effects of several oils on the in vitro foam stability of rumen fluid in sheep.View full abstractDownload PDF (522K)
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